Examprep Normal Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following are present in the respiratory bronchioles?

  • Cartilage
  • Cilia
  • Striated muscle
  • Nicotinic receptor
A

Cilia

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2
Q

What happens to CO2 during high altitudes?

A

CO2 is continually excreted from the pulmonary blood into the alveoli

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3
Q

At what landmark does the horizontal fissure originate?

A

4th costal cartilage

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4
Q

How many lobar bronchi are present in the left lung?

A

2

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5
Q

What term represents the volume of air left in the lungs at the end of normal quiet expiration when all respiratory muscles are relaxed?

A

Functional residual capacity

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6
Q

What is the major mode of CO2 (80%) transport in the blood?

A

Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions

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7
Q

What term represents the volume of gas that could be expelled with maximum expiratory effort at the end of normal, quiet expiration?

A

Expiratory reserve volume

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8
Q

What term represents the maximum possible volume of breath that can be taken?

A

Forced vital capacity / vital capacity

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9
Q

What term represents the volume of air that still remains in the lungs after maximal forced expiration?

A

Residual volume

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10
Q

As part of the respiratory control of pH, what response would be expected if the plasma pH decreased?

A

Increase in the rate and/or depth of respiration

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11
Q

What term represents the amount of air that moves into the lungs on maximal inspiratory effort after normal inspiration?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

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12
Q

At which stage of the pulmonary ventilation is the transpulmonary pressure (difference between alveolar and intrapleural pressure) the greatest?

A

End of inspiration

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13
Q

What is the difference between intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure at the start of normal inspiration?

A

-3mmHg

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14
Q

What is increased as a consequence of long-term reduced ventilation?

A

Arterial partial pressure of CO2

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15
Q

How many times does the respiratory tree branch from the trachea to the alveoli?

A

23

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16
Q

What change will result in a significant increase in respiratory minute volume in a normal subject under normal conditions?

A

Decrease in arterial pH from 7.31 to 7.15 (increase in [H+] from 50nmoll-1 to 70nmoll-1)

17
Q

Give an example of an intermediate extrinsic muscle of the back which develops with and acts on the ribs to assist respiratory movements?

A

Levator costarum

18
Q

Where are the receptor changes associated with coughing and sneezing produced?

A

Hypothalamus

19
Q

Which structure forms the laryngeal inlet?

A

Aryepiglottic folds

20
Q

What does the gas-blood barrier consist of?

gap between alveolar space and pulmonary circulation

A
  • Alveolar epithelium (type 1 and 2 pneumocytes)
  • Fused membrane of alveolar epithelial cells and capillary endothelium
  • Vascular epithelial of the pulmonary capillaries
21
Q

What is the equation to work out the pulmonary ventilation?

A

Pulmonary ventilation = RR x TV

RR- respiratory rate, TV- tidal volume

22
Q

What is the function of the pneumotaxic centre?

A

Inhibits inspiration

23
Q

What is the primary stimulus for involuntary changes in ventilation?

A

PCO2