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US History > Midterm Review Terms & Definitions > Flashcards

Midterm Review Terms & Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Agreement during the Constitutional Convention that slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a person when determining the # of representatives per state

A

3/5 Compromise

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2
Q

Laws passed in the early 1800’s stating that people who spoke out against the government could be imprisoned and foreigners could be deported. KY & VA passed resolutions refusing to obey these laws.

A

Alien and Sedition Acts

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3
Q

This was the first document outlining the relationship of the states. It allowed Congress to encourage states do do things, but didn’t give them the power to tax or force the states into anything.

A

Articles of Confederation

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4
Q

The first 10 Amendments to the US - They were added because the Anti-Federalists refused to ratify the Constitution unless basic rights were guaranteed

A

Bill of Rights

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5
Q

Event when British soldiers fired on a crowd of demonstraters and killed 5 of them. This led to the American Revolution

A

Boston Massacre

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6
Q

Early examples of these include rice, indigo, and tobacco, but NOT cotton. (At least, until the cotton gin was invented)

A

Cash Crops

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7
Q

The idea that each branch of government should keep an eye on the others to make sure they don’t take too much power for themselves.

A

Checks and Balances

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8
Q

Document written by the colonies to explain to the world why they were separating from England.

A

Declaration of Independence

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9
Q

This is the type of government we have: We vote on some issues, but allow people to represent us on more complex issues.

A

Democratic Republic

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10
Q

Government arrangement where states and a central government have some separate powers and some that overlap

A

Federalism

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11
Q

Documents written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to encourage the ratification of the Constitution

A

Federalist Papers

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12
Q

People who believed that the strong central government described in the Constitution would be in the best interest of the American people

A

Federalists

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13
Q

People who believed that the Constitution should not be ratified because they thought it gave the central government too much power over people’s lives

A

Antifederalists

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14
Q

War between Britain & France. To defend the colonies, the British sent many soldiers. To pay for this war, England taxed the colonies.

A

French & Indian War

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15
Q

Agreement at the Constitutional Convention that the US would have a bicameral system. The makeup of one house would be based on the population of the states. The other house would be made up of an equal number from each state.

A

Great Compromise

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16
Q

Secretary of the Treasury in Washington’s cabinet. Frequently argued with Jefferson over their interpretation of the US Constitution. His followers called themselves “Federalists”

A

Hamilton

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17
Q

Secretary of State in Washington’s cabinet. Frequently argued with Alexander Hamilton over their interpretation of the US Constitution. His followers called themselves “Democratic-Republicans”

A

Jefferson

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18
Q

First representative body in the American colonies. (In Virginia)

A

House of Burgesses

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19
Q

Wrote “The Social Contract” and believe that the basic rights of all men are “life, liberty, and property”

A

John Locke

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20
Q

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court remembered for greatly strengthening the power of the court in cases like “Marbury v. Madison” and “Gibbons v. Ogden”

A

John Marshall

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21
Q

Power of the Supreme Court to determine if laws passed by Congress are Constitutional. (Marbury v. Madison)

A

Judicial Review

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22
Q

First battle of the American Revolution

A

Lexington & Concord

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23
Q

The idea that government can do only what the Constitution allows it to do.

A

Limited Government

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24
Q

English document that severely limited the power of the kingA14

A

Magna Carta

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25
Q

Court case remembered for instituting “Judicial Review”

A

Marbury v. Madison

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26
Q

Agreement signed by the Pilgrims stating that they would submit to the laws of their government

A

Mayflower Compact

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27
Q

Hamilton & Jefferson argued over whether the US government had the power to create this to manage the $$ of the United States

A

National Bank

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28
Q

Land organized under the Articles of Confederation creating the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin.

A

Northwest Ordinance

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29
Q

The idea that whoever controls the money controls everything.

A

Power of the Purse

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30
Q

Religious group who colonized the New England area because they wanted to practice their religion freely. (They did NOT, however, offer freedom of religion to those who disagreed with them)

A

Puritans

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31
Q

Religious group that believed all have an “inner light”. Found in the Mid-Atlantic states - especially Pennsylvania. Were among the first abolitionists.

A

Quakers

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32
Q

Member of the Massachusetts colony who was exiled for teaching the separation of church & state - went on to found Rhode Island

A

Roger Williams

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33
Q

Idea that all - even those in government - must obey the laws of the land

A

Rule of Law

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34
Q

Term meaning that because England respected the colonies, they left them on their own to run their own affairs.

A

Salutary neglect

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35
Q

Turning point of the Revolutionary War. After this battle, the French helped us because they believed we might actually be able to win.

A

Saratoga

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36
Q

The belief that each branch of government should be given different powers so that no one branch has too much.

A

Separation of Powers

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37
Q

Event when a number of former soldiers, upset that they had not received their military pensions, shut down the local government. This demonstrated the weakness of the Articles of Confederation.

A

Shay’s Rebellion

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38
Q

Agreement at the Constitutional Convention that they would not discuss the slave trade or do anything about it for at least 20 years.

A

Slave Trade Compromise

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39
Q

John Locke believed that society held together because of this agreement where the government promised to protect its people and people promised to obey the government.

A

Social Contract

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40
Q

1st Direct tax placed on the colonists during the colonial period. This angered them and led to a boycott

A

Stamp Act

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41
Q

People who interpret the Constitution literally and believe the government can do no more than what it specifically states

A

Strict Constructionists

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42
Q

The group of people formally responsible for electing the President of the United States

A

The Electoral College

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43
Q

Treaty that formally ended the Revolutionary War

A

Treaty of Paris

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44
Q

Statements issued by two states declaring that they would not obey the Alien & Sedition laws

A

VA & KY Resolutions

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45
Q

Plan discussed at the Constitutional Convention that would have given states a varying number of representatives based on each state’s population.

A

VA Plan

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46
Q

Event when farmers in the north revolted against the government because of a tax increase on whiskey

A

Whiskey Rebellion

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47
Q

Quaker who founded Pennsylvania

A

William Penn

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48
Q

Final battle of the Revolutionary War

A

Yorktown

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49
Q

One of the two original politcal parties - This one followed the strict Constitutional interpretation practices of Thomas Jefferson.

A

Democratic Republicans

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50
Q

Plan discussed at the Constitutional Convention that would have given all states an equal number of representatives. This was offered as a direct alternative to the VA plan.

A

NJ Plan

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51
Q

People who stretch their interpretation of the Constitution so that they can do whatever is “necessary and proper”

A

Loose Constructionists

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52
Q

Southerners argued that slavery was good for their slaves because they were clothed, fed, and disciplined

A

“Positive Good”

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53
Q

Religious revival that stressed reforming society - led to rise of the abolitionist movement

A

2nd Great Awakening

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54
Q

Polk wanted to claim the Oregon Territory up to this like of latitude, but wasn’t able to get it

A

54 50

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55
Q

Parallel that currently makes up the northern boundary of the US

A

49

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56
Q

People who wanted to abolish (get rid of) slavery

A

Abolitionists

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57
Q

Henry Clay’s compromise - the West would support the tariff and the North would send $$ to the west for internal improvements - this upset the south

A

American System

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58
Q

1st President from the West - “Age of the Common Man” - Democrat - Trail of Tears

A

Andrew Jackson

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59
Q

Term that means adding land to the US

A

Annexation

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60
Q

Period before the Civil War

A

Antebellum

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61
Q

Native American tribe displaced from GA to OK despite trying to assimilate into American culture - Trail of Tears

A

Cherokee

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62
Q

Segregation “by fact” - It isn’t enforced by law, it just exists. (example - White & black people live in different parts of town)

A

De facto segregation

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63
Q

Not allowed to vote

A

Disenfranchised

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64
Q

Section of the Constitution stating that Congress may do anything “necessary and proper” - used by loose constructionists to prove they can do things not in the Constitution

A

Elastic Clause

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65
Q

Prohibited from entering an abolitionist conference because she was a woman so she started the Seneca Falls Convention

A

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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66
Q

Freedom

A

Emancipation

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67
Q

Former slave - became a leading abolitionist

A

Frederick Douglass

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68
Q

Wanted the right to own property, divorce, and get an education

A

Goals of Women’s Movement

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69
Q

Abolitionists from SC who grew up on a plantation who also supported women’s rights

A

Grimke Sisters

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70
Q

Abolitionist who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin - Many northerners learned of the evils of slavery from this book

A

Harriet Beecher Stowe

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71
Q

Led hundreds of slaves to freedom on the Underground Railroad

A

Harriet Tubman

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72
Q

Politician who designed the compromise known as the “American System” to provide a tariff for the north and internal improvements for the west

A

Henry Clay

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73
Q

President who completed America’s “Manifest Destiny”

A

James K. Polk

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74
Q

Belief that the Constitution can be stretched to allow things that it doesn’t specifically state - Jefferson DID NOT believe in this, but he used a loose interpretation to buy the Louisiana Purchase

A

Loose Interpretation

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75
Q

Explorers who claimed the Oregon Territory for the US

A

Louis & Clark

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76
Q

Land purchased by Jefferson from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the US - land was sold to settlers at VERY low prices, allowing many to vote for the first time

A

Louisiana Territory

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77
Q

Prohibited from entering an abolitionist conference because she was a woman so she started the Seneca Falls Convention

A

Lucretia Mott

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78
Q

Belief that God wanted America to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific

A

Manifest Destiny

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79
Q

Term given to California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada when they were added after the Mexican War

A

Mexican Cession (land added to US)

80
Q

Wat that began when Polk stationed troops at the Rio Grande river knowing that Mexico claimed that land - Polk wanted a war so that we could complete our “Manifest Destiny”

A

Mexican War

81
Q

President James Monroe’s statement that Europe should not colonize the Western Hemisphere any further - could only be enforced with the help of Britain’s navy

A

Monroe Doctrine

82
Q

Slave who led a violent uprising

A

Nat Turner

83
Q

Territory organized under the Articles of Confederation - prohibited slavery in those states

A

Northwest Ordinance

84
Q

Mexico claimed that this river was the southern border of Texas

A

Nueces River

85
Q

Belief of SC (and other southern states) that they could treat laws passed by the central government as if they didn’t exist - Used to nullify the “Tariff of Abominations”

A

Nullification

86
Q

Claimed by Lewis & Clark - Shared by Britain & the US until an agreement set the northern boundary of the US at the 49th parallel

A

Oregon Territory

87
Q

Believed ALL had an “Inner Light” so they were among the first Abolitionists

A

Quakers

88
Q

The US claimed that this was the southern boundary of Texas - James K. Polk sent troops there, which started the Mexican War

A

Rio Grande River

89
Q

Native American tribe that fought to maintain control of their land during the period of displacement - they lost their land anyway

A

Seminoles

90
Q

Women’s Rights Convention organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton after being denied access to an antislavery convention because they were women

A

Seneca Falls Convention

91
Q

Belief that states have the right to ignore laws passed by the central government (Nullification / Tariff of Abominations)

A

States’ Rights

92
Q

High tariff passed after compromise between N & S (the American System) South Carolina nullifies the tariff & Andrew Jackson threatens to use the army. SC backs down, but still believes it can nullify laws.

A

Tarifff of Abominations

93
Q

Americans move into Mexico, then Mexico outlaws slavery so the Americans fight to rule themselves. This led to the?

A

Texan Revolution

94
Q

Normally believes in strict interpretation of the Constitution, but interprets it loosely to add the Louisiana Purchase to the US

A

Thomas Jefferson

95
Q

When the Cherokee Indians were forcibly moved by Andrew Jackson from GA to OK. 1/3 of them die on the way.

A

Trail of Tears

96
Q

Treaty ending the Mexican War. Forced Mexico to give us land including California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, and Utah for $15 million.

A

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

97
Q

Abolitionist newpaper publisher.

A

William Lloyd Garrison

98
Q

Year that Northern troops are pulled out of the South - Reconstruction ends

A

1877

99
Q

Promise of the Freedman’s Bureau to former slaves, although they eventually lost both

A

“40 Acres & a Mule”

100
Q

Southern Democrats elected when the Union troops leave - They take rights from AA’s

A

“Redeemers”

101
Q

The idea that the South voted solidly for Democrats for about 100 years after the Civil War

A

“Solid South”

102
Q

Amendment that freed the slaves

A

13th Amendment

103
Q

Amendment that grants citizenship to anyone born in the US, gives all”Equal protection”, and guarantees “Due process”

A

14th Amendment

104
Q

Amendment that gives voting rights to all male citizens

A

15th Amendment

105
Q

Famous black regiment that fought @ Ft. Wagner

A

54th Massachusetts

106
Q

Union’s battle plan: Blockade the south, take the Mississippi, control Richmond

A

Anaconda Plan

107
Q

President after Lincoln - one of 2 presidents to be impeached

A

Andrew Johnson

108
Q

One of two major northern battles; Bloodiest day of the war; South loses

A

Antietam

109
Q

Site where Lee surrenders to Grant

A

Appomattox Courthouse

110
Q

Laws restricting the rights of AA’s - basically ignore the fact that slaves are free

A

Black Codes

111
Q

Popular sovereignty in KS leads Free-Soilers & pro-slavery supporters to KS - John Brown murders 5

A

Bleeding Kansas

112
Q

Started the Tuskegee Institute to train AA’s & gave the “Atlanta Compromise” speech where he proposed that AA’s accept segregation temporarily in exchange for employment

A

Booker T. Washington

113
Q

First major Southern victory of the Civil War - Proved the war will NOT end quickly

A

Bull Run

114
Q

Northerners moving to the South during Reconstruction - hated by Southerners

A

Carpetbaggers

115
Q

Agreement where CA enters as a Free Soil state, the rest of the Mexcian cession will be decided by Popular sovereignty, slave trade in DC will end, new fugitive slave law

A

Compromise of 1850

116
Q

Agreement between the N & S stating that Hayes (R) would get to be President if the Union troops were removed from the South - ended Reconstruction

A

Compromise of 1877

117
Q

Slave who sued for his freedom - Court rules that slaves are property & cannot sue - slavery can exist ANYWHERE in the US

A

Dred Scott

118
Q

Election when Radical Republicans were elected to Congress in large numbers to bring order to the South

A

Election of 1866

119
Q

Election when Lincoln was elected - the South freaks out & breaks away out of fear he’ll free their slaves

A

Election of 1860

120
Q

Executive order that freed slaves in territory in rebellion against the Union

A

Emancipation Proclamation

121
Q

Former slaves who leave the South to go to Kansas during Reconstruction

A

Exodusters

122
Q

Government organization seeking to help free AA’s - “40 acres & a mule” - set up schools - held court to protect against black codes

A

Freedman’s Bureau

123
Q

Movement to stop the SPREAD of slavery - is NOT an anti-slavery movement

A

Free-Soil

124
Q

Famous battle of the 54th Massachusetts regiment - they lose, but prove AA’s are brave

A

Ft. Wagner

125
Q

States that the North MUST help return slaves to the South - North hates it because of Uncle Tom’s Cabin - Part of Compromise of 1850

A

Fugitive Slave Law

126
Q

Agreement that Congress would not bring up slavery

A

Gag Rule

127
Q

Bloodiest Battle of the Civil War - Lee invades the north trying to put pressure on Washington DC & loses

A

Gettysburg

128
Q

Anyone could vote if their grandfather was able to - this allowed uneducated & poor whites to vote while prohibiting AA’s

A

Grandfather Clause

129
Q

Weapons depot raided by John Brown to give guns to slaves. Brown is captured & hung, but gets sympathy from many in the north

A

Harper’s Ferry

130
Q

President of the CSA

A

Jefferson Davis

131
Q

Laws passed that segregated the south

A

Jim Crow Laws

132
Q

Radical abolitionist known for his actions at both Bleeding KS & Harper’s Ferry. He frightened the South & gained attention from the north while awaiting his execution by hanging for the deaths at Harper’s Ferry.

A

John Brown

133
Q

Law that stated that KS & NE would be decided through popular sovereignty - undoes the Missouri Compromise

A

Kansas-Nebraska Act

134
Q

Group organized in TN to intimidate AA’s from voting

A

KKK

135
Q

Anti-slavery party that didn’t win any elections - eventully joins with northern Democrats to form the Republican party

A

Liberty Party

136
Q

The idea that when 10% of the Southern states swore allegiance to the Union, they could be readmitted to Congress

A

Lincoln ‘s 10% Plan

137
Q

Tests given to keep AA’s from voting

A

Literacy Tests

138
Q

Sherman’s march from Atlanta to Savannah destroying everything in his path

A

March to the Sea

139
Q

Missouri enters as a slave state, Maine enters as a free state, a line is drawn at the 36 30 to make future states obvious

A

Missouri Compromise

140
Q

Southern nickname for slavery

A

Peculiar Institution

141
Q

Last major battle before the South Surrenders

A

Petersburg

142
Q

Supreme Court case declaring that “separate but equal” was legal

A

Plessy v. Ferguson

143
Q

Tax on voting used to keep AA’s from voting

A

Poll Taxes

144
Q

Republicans who wanted to treat the south like conqured territory after the Civil War

A

Radical Republicans

145
Q

The period of time when the South was readmitted to the Union after the Civil War

A

Reconstruction

146
Q

Party of Lincoln - Made from Northern Democrats & members of the Liberty party - a Free Soil party - NOT ANTI-SLAVERY!

A

Republican Party

147
Q

Term for southerners who agreed with the Republicans during Reconstruction - hated by South!

A

Scalawags

148
Q

Arrangement where former slaves worked fields & gave a % of the food to the owner - often forced AA’s back into an arrangement like slavery

A

Sharecropping

149
Q

War against every part of your enemy’s land - houses, fields, livestock, etc.

A

Total War

150
Q

Book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe about the evils of slavery - convinces many in north to disobey the Fugitive slave laws

A

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

151
Q

Turning point of the Civil War - Grant takes this city & gains control of the Mississippi

A

Vicksburg

152
Q

Led the “March to the Sea” from Atlanta to Savannah, GA - Destroyed everything in his path

A

William Tecumseh Sherman

153
Q

Failed bill in Congress proposing that all the land gained from Mexico enter as “Free Soil” states

A

Wilmot Proviso

154
Q

Gave women the right to vote

A

19th Amendment

155
Q

Radical protester for women’s suffrage known for hunger strikes & national protests

A

Alice Paul

156
Q

Process of settling disputes between workers & management with a neutral third party - unions would rather do this than go on strike!

A

Arbitration

157
Q

Changing to become like another (For example, the Native Americans were told to assimilate into white culture)

A

Assimilation

158
Q

The process by which iron is turned into steel

A

Bessemer Process

159
Q

Much like the buffalo, the Native Americans lived off of them. Huge numbers of them were killed to make way for the RR.

A

Bison

160
Q

Bug that killed many cotton crops in the South. As a result, many AA’s moved north during the Great Migration

A

Boll Weevil

161
Q

The economic system where individuals own property and use it to gain wealth with little/no government involvement.

A

Capitalism

162
Q

Brought the Bessemer Process to the US, began US steel, and became one of the wealthiest men in the country.

A

Andrew Carnegie

163
Q

Argued for women’s suffrage at the state level. More moderate than Alice Paul.

A

Carrie Chapman Catt

164
Q

Law passed after the completion of the transcontinental RR stating that no new Chinese immigrants would be allowed into the US.

A

Chinese Exclusion Act

165
Q

William Jennings Bryan’s speech suggesting that silver be added to the gold standard. Populists loved this!

A

Cross of Gold Speech

166
Q

Supreme Court case declaring that contracts would be upheld by the government.

A

Dartmouth v. Woodward

167
Q

Law giving land to Native Americans if they would assimilate into white culture for 25 years.

A

Dawes Act

168
Q

Native American ritual they believed would peacefully drive out the white men. The white men assumed they were preparing for war & attacked them.

A

Ghost Dance

169
Q

Supreme Court case declaring that the national government alone could regulate interstate commerce.

A

Gibbons v. Ogden

170
Q

Andrew Carnegie’s philosophy that the wealthy had a responsibility to use their $$ to help those less fortunate.

A

Gospel of Wealth

171
Q

Period in the late 1800’s-early 1900’s when many AA’s moved from the south to the north.

A

Great Migration

172
Q

Law giving land in the west away for free to anyone who would build a home on that land.

A

Homestead Act

173
Q

Author of “Rags to Riches” stories.

A

Horatio Alger

174
Q

Business practice when one person buys up all of one type of business. (Like a monopoly)

A

Horizontal Integration

175
Q

Federal law regulating the cost of shipping between states. It was passed to help farmers after the Granger laws were overturned by the Supreme Court.

A

Interstate Commerce Act

176
Q

Founded Hull House to teach immigrants how to assimilate into the US.

A

Jane Addams

177
Q

The belief that government should keep its hands entirely off of the economy.

A

Laissez-faire capitalism

178
Q

Journalists who wrote & published photos to make people see the difficulties of urban life in the late 1800’s. (Upton Sinclair would be one example)

A

Muckrakers

179
Q

The belief that the US should be made up primarily of whites who descended from England. These people did NOT want more immigration into the US.

A

Nativism

180
Q

Law giving land to the railroads for the purpose of completing a transcontinental RR.

A

Pacific Railway Act

181
Q

Organizations in major cities designed to get votes for particular parties or candidates by helping specific groups - often immigrants.

A

Political Machines

182
Q

Political group representing the farmers that pushed for the introduction of silver to the gold standard to cause inflation.

A

Populists

183
Q

Political group that wanted the government to intervene in the issues caused by the rapid growth of cities in the late 1800’s.

A

Progressives

184
Q

Strike caused when a RR company cut worker pay but didn’t decrease the rent in their company housing.

A

Pullman Strike

185
Q

First strike in which the army was called to force strikers into going back to work.

A

Railway Strike of 1877

186
Q

Owner of the Standard Oil Trust and one of the wealthiest men in American history.

A

John D. Rockefeller

187
Q

Deragatory term for people who work during a strike.

A

Scabs

188
Q

Law making it illegal for a Trust to own all of one type of company. (For example, one company couldn’t own all the oil companies in the US)

A

Sherman Antitrust Act

189
Q

The belief that “survival of the fittest” should be applied to modern society.

A

Social Darwinism

190
Q

Women who protested for the right to vote.

A

Suffragettes

191
Q

Local groups organized by farmers so they could discuss how to best address their needs & concerns.

A

The Grange

192
Q

A company that owns other companies.

A

Trust

193
Q

Organizations of workers pushing for shorter hours, better pay, and better working conditions.

A

Unions

194
Q

Muckraker author of the Jungle who drew attention to the problems in the meat packing industry

A

Upton Sinclair

195
Q

Populist/Democrat presidential candidate who gave the “Cross of Gold” speech.

A

William Jennings Bryan

196
Q

Site where Native Americans attempted to surrender, but were massacred by the Army.

A

Wounded Knee

197
Q

Contracts signed by workers promising that they will not join a union

A

Yellow Dog Contracts

US History (38 decks)

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