Ch.16: Innate Immunity

Question 1

5 Characteristics of innate immunity:

Answer 1

present at birth
always present and provide rapid responses
nonspecific
first line of defense
Second line of defense

Question 2

First line of defense involves:

Answer 2

• intact skin and mucus membranes

- normal microbiota

Question 3

Second line of defense involves:

Answer 3

phagocytes
inflammation
fever
antimicrobial substances

Question 4

enzymes that degrade peptidoglycan (more effective against gram positives), FOUND IN TEARS SALIVA BLOOD AND PHAGOCYTES

Answer 4

LYSOZYME

Question 5

breaks down hydrogen peroxide to produce reactive oxygen, which damages cells including bacterial cells. FOUND IN SALIVA, BODY TISSUES AND PHAGOCYTES

Answer 5

peroxidase

Question 6

How does normal microbial flora on the body protect from disease?

Answer 6

competitive exclusions

Question 7

The responses of the innate system are activated by a protein receptors in the plasma membrane of defensive cells , among these activators are

Answer 7

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Question 8

The TLRs attach to a various components commonly found on the pathogens that are called

Answer 8

pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Question 9

defensive cells released by TLRs. Are proteins that regulate the intensity of and duration of the immune response

Answer 9

Cytokines

Question 10

Roles of Cytokines

Answer 10

recruit other macrophages and dendritic cells to isolate and destroy microbes
activate T cells and B cells involved in adaptive immunity

Question 11

own their name to the presence of large granules in their cytoplasm that can be seen under a light microscope

Answer 11

granulocytes

Question 12

Three types of granulocytes:

Answer 12

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

Question 13

contains two to five lobes, HIGHLY PHAGOCYTIC, and motile are active in the initial stage of infection. destroy microbes and foreign particles

Answer 13

neutrophils

Question 14

releases substances such as HISTAMINE, important in inflammation and allergic response

Answer 14

basophils

Question 15

produce toxic proteins against certain parasites

Answer 15

eosinophils

Question 16

also have granules in their cytoplasm but the granules are not present in light microscope after staining

Answer 16

agranulocyte

Question 17

Three types of agranulocytes

Answer 17

monocytes
dendritic cells
lymphocytes

Question 18

not actively phagocytic until they leave circulating blood, enter tissues and mature into macrophages

Answer 18

monocytes

Question 19

destroy microbes by phagocytosis and to initiate adaptive immune system.

Answer 19

dendriic cells

Question 20

include natural killer cells and B and T cells

Answer 20

lymphocytes

Question 21

PROCESS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS:

Answer 21

1. chemotaxis and adherence
2. ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
3. formation of phagosome, (phagocytic vesicle)
   4 fusion of phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome
4. Digestion of ingested microbes by enzymes in the phagolysosome
5. formation of the residual body containing indigestible material
6. discharge of waste materials

Question 22

Four cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 22

redness, pain, swelling, heat, and (loss of function)

Question 23

White blood cells are divided into three categories

Answer 23

granulocytes
monocytes
lymphocytes

Question 24

Inflammatory process

Answer 24

1. damage tissue releases pro-inflammatory cytokines, which increases the blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable. Cardinal signs become present
2. Endothelial cells lining the blood vessels produce adhesion molecules that catch the phagocytes as they pass
3. phagocytes and fluid leak out of blood vessels movement DIAPEDESIS. neutrophils are the first phagocytes to arrive. secrete more cytokines to recruit more phagocytes.
4. the phagocytes take up and destroy foreign microbes and damaged cells.
5. Tissue repair

Question 25

series of nine proteins circulating in blood and fluids. INACTIVE FORM.

Answer 25

Complement system

Question 26

Three pathways of activation of the complement system:

Answer 26

alternative pathway
lecitin pathway
classical pathway

Question 27

Activation of complement leads to major protective outcomes

Answer 27

inflammation
opsonization
lysis of foreign cells