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Fire Detection and Suppression Systems 4th Edition > Chapter 4 - Water Supply Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Water Supply Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Despite the development of many new innovations and techniques for controlling and fighting fires, _________ continues to be the primary extinguishing agent.

A

water

p 77

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2
Q

Three reasons water is used as the primary extinguishing agent:
*
*
*

A
  • availability
  • affordability
  • effectiveness

p 77

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3
Q

Water is _________ and has its ________ density close to its freezing point.

A

heaviest / highest

p 78

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4
Q

Water is __________ and has its _________ density close to its boiling point.

A

lightest / lowest

p 78

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5
Q

For fire protection purposes, ordinary fresh water is generally considered to weigh _____ lb/ft^3 or ______ pounds per gallon.

A

62.4 / 8.34

p 78

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6
Q

The primary way water extinguishes fire is by _________, namely ____________ _______ from the fire.

A

cooling / absorbing heat

p 78

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7
Q

Another way water extinguishes is _____________, which occurs when _________ is excluded from the fire.

A

smothering / oxygen

p 78

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8
Q

Smothering works especially well on the surface of burning liquids that are __________ than water.

A

heavier

p 78

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9
Q

__________ _________ is a measure of the heat absorbing capacity of a substance, which means the amount of heat required to change a unit quantity of a substance by 1 degree in temperature.

A

Specific heat

p 79

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10
Q

The amount of heat transfer is usually measured in _________ __________ ________ or in the International System of Units (SI) as _________.

A

British thermal units (Btu) / joules

p 79

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11
Q

A ______ is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water 1*F.

A

Btu

p 79

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12
Q

The _______, also a unit of work, has taken the place of the calorie in the SI heat measurement.

A

joule

p 79

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13
Q

The ratio between the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a specified quantity of a material and the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of an identical quantity of water by the same number of degrees ?

A

Specific heat

p 79

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14
Q

This is the quantity of heat absorbed by a substance when it changes from a liquid to a vapor ?

A

latent heat of vaporization

p 79

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15
Q

The temperature at which a liquid absorbs enough heat to change to vapor is known as the ?

A

boiling point

p 79

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16
Q

In fire fighting terms, if water from a 100 gpm fog nozzle is projected into a highly heated area, it can absorb approximately ___________ Btu of heat per minute if all of the water is converted to steam.

A

934,600 Btu

p 80

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17
Q

The speed with which water absorbs heat increase in proportion to the _________ _________ exposed to the heat.

A

water surface

p 80

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18
Q

If water is divided into _______ _______, the rate of heat absorption increases hundred of times.

A

many drops

p 80

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19
Q

_____________ helps cool the fire by driving heat and smoke from the area.

A

Expansion

p 81

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20
Q

The _____________ of the fire area will determine the amount of heat expansion. At _____ *F, water expands approximately ________ times its original volume.

A

temperature / 212 / 1700

p 81

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21
Q

The density of liquids in relation to water is known as ________ _________. Water is given the value of _____.

A

specific gravity / 1

p 81

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22
Q

Liquids with a specific gravity less than 1 are _________ than water and therefore ?

A

lighter / float on water

p 81

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23
Q

Liquids with a specific gravity greater than 1 are _________ than water and will ?

A

heavier / sink to the bottom

p 81

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24
Q

If the other liquid also has a specific gravity of 1, it ?

A

mixes evenly with water

p 81

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25
Q

Most flammable liquids have a specific gravity of ?

A

less than 1

p 81

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26
Q

Advantages of water:
* _______ - __________ capacity - Water has a greater ______ - __________ capacity than other common extinguishing agents due to the relatively large amount of heat required to change water to ________.

A
  • Heat-absorbing / heat-absorbing / steam

p 81

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27
Q

Advantages of water:
* _________ _______ - Water applied to a fire by fog patterns and deselected solid streams greatly increases its _________ _______ and causes heat to be absorbed more rapidly.

A
  • Surface area / surface area

p 81

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28
Q

Advantages of water:

  • ____________ - In most areas, water is plentiful and readily __________.
  • _______ - Water is relatively inexpensive when compared to other commercially available extinguishing agents.
A
  • Availability / available
  • Cost

p 81

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29
Q

Disadvantages of water:

  • _______ __________ _________ - Water does not readily soak into dense materials.
  • ____________ - Water is ___________ with certain substances such as combustible metals.
  • Low _________ and _____________ - Water allows radiant heat to easily pass through it.
  • ___________ point - In cold climates, ice may form in and on equipment, causing the potential for malfunction.
A
  • High surface tension
  • Reactivity / reactive
  • opacity and reflectivity
  • Freezing

p 81-82

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30
Q

Disadvantages of water:

  • ______________ - Water __________ electricity, which can be a hazard when fire fighting operations are taking place around energized electrical equipment.
  • ______________ runoff - Water can carry ______________ away from the fire scene.
  • _________ - Excessive water __________ can contribute to structural instability.
A
  • Conductivity / conducts
  • Contaminated / contaminants
  • Weight / weight

p 82

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31
Q

In fire service terminology, _________ refers to the force that moves water through a conduit - either a pipe or hose.

A

pressure

p 82

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32
Q

A 1 in^2 column of water 1 ft high exerts a pressure _______ psi at its base.

A

0.433 psi

p 82

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33
Q

Six principles of pressure:

  • First Principle: Fluid pressure is ______________ to any surface in which it acts.
  • Second Principle: Fluid pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the same intensity in ______ ___________ - In other words, fluid pressure at a point in a fluid at rest has no ___________.
A
  • perpendicular
  • all directions / direction

p 83

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34
Q

Principles of pressure:

  • Third principle: Pressure applied to a confined fluid will be transmitted _________ in all directions.
  • Fourth principle: The pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is proportional to its ________
A
  • equally
  • depth

p 83

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35
Q

Principles of pressure:

  • Fifth principle: The pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is proportional to the ________ of the liquid.
  • Sixth principle: The pressure of a liquid on the bottom of a vessel is independent of the _________ of the vessel.
A
  • density
  • shape

p 84

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36
Q

Principles of pressure:
Regardless of the shape of the container and its opening, the ____________ of the water column is the same for a given height.

A

pressure

p 84

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37
Q

Atmospheric pressure is greatest at ?

A

low altitudes

p 85

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38
Q

At sea level, atmospheric pressure is ______ psi.

A

14.7

p 85

39
Q

As the altitude increases, atmospheric pressure _____________.

A

decreases

p 85

40
Q
  • Alternate term for pressure, especially pressure due to elevation. For every 1 foot increase in elevation ________ psi is gained.
A

Head / .434 / also called head pressure

p 85

41
Q

To convert to head pressure, divide the number of feet by ________.

A

2.304

p 86

42
Q
  • The height of a water supply above the discharge orifice.
A

Elevation Head

p 86

43
Q

If the nozzle or orifice flowing water is below the pump there will be a ___________ ________. Alternatively, if the nozzle or orifice is above the pump, then there will be a ____________ ________.

A

pressure gain / pressure loss

p 86

44
Q

_________ _____________ is defined as stored potential energy available to force water through pipes, fittings, fire hose and adapters.

A

Static pressure

p 86

45
Q

The term _________ means at rest or without motion.

A

static

p 86

46
Q

____________ ____________ pressure is that pressure found in a water distribution system during normal consumption demands.

A

Normal operating

p 86

47
Q

_____________ ____________ is that part of the total available pressure not used to overcome friction loss or gravity while forcing water through pipes, fittings, fire hose, and adapters.

A

Residual pressure

p 86

48
Q

______________ means a remainder of that which is left.

A

Residual

p 86

49
Q

It is important to remember that residual pressure is measured at the location where a _____________ reading is taken, not at the point of water flow.

A

pressure

p 86

50
Q

________ _____________ is the forward velocity pressure while water is flowing.

A

Flow pressure

p 86

51
Q

A _______ _______ is used to measure flow pressure at the hydrant.

A

pitot tube

p 87

52
Q
  • The part of the total pressure lost as water moves through a hose or piping system; caused by water turbulence and the roughness of interior surfaces of hose or pipe.
A

Friction loss

p 87

53
Q

Friction loss:

First principle: If all other conditions are the same, friction loss varies proportionately with the __________ of the hose or pipe.

A

length

p 87

54
Q

Friction loss

Second Principle: When hoses or pipes are the same size, friction loss varies approximately with the square of the increase in the ____________ of the ________.

A

velocity / flow

p 88

55
Q

Friction loss:

Third principle: For the same discharge, friction loss varies inversely to the _________ power of the diameter of the hose.

A

Fifth

p 88

56
Q

Friction loss

Fourth principle: For a given flow velocity, friction loss is approximately the same regardless of the _____________ on the water.

A

pressure

p 88

57
Q

In fire fighting operations, any extra ________ should be eliminated to reduce excess friction loss.

A

hose

p 88

58
Q

Water for human consumption comes from one of two basic sources: ?

A

from a well or a public (municipal) water system

p 88

59
Q

Every water supply system has to have a __________ _________ that is both adequate and reliable for the area being served.

A

supply source

p 90

60
Q

The second component of a water supply system is the _____________ or _____________ facility.

A

processing or treatment

p 90

61
Q

The third component of a water supply system is a means of ?

A

moving water

p 90

62
Q

This system uses one or more pumps to take water from the primary source and discharge it into the distribution system ?

A

Direct pumping system

p 91

63
Q

This system uses a primary water source located at a higher elevation than the distribution system ?

A

Gravity system

p 91

64
Q

This system uses a combination of direct pumping and gravity systems ?

A

Combination system

p 93

65
Q

The last components of the water supply system are the _________ and ______________ systems.

A

storage and distribution

p 93

66
Q

______________ _________ are used to balance the pressure on a water system during periods of peak demand.

A

Elevated tanks

p 94

67
Q

To reduce the effect of friction loss on water pressure, fire hydrants are typically supplied from ?

A

two or more directions

p 94

68
Q
  • Fire hydrant that receives water from two or more directions
A

Circulating feed

p 94

69
Q
  • Large pipes (mains) with relatively widespread spacing that convey large quantities of water to various points of the system for local distribution to the smaller mains.
A

Primary feeders

p 94

70
Q
  • Network of intermediate sized pipes that reinforce the grid within the various loops of the primary feeder system and aid the concentration of the required free flow at any point.
A

Secondary feeders

p 94

71
Q
  • Grid arrangements of smaller mains serving individual fire hydrants and blocks of customers.
A

Distributors

p 95

72
Q

Most commonly, private water supply systems receive their water from a ?

A

municipal water supply system

p 96

73
Q

The performance of the distribution system is affected by several variables, including the following:

  • Piping ____________
  • Pipe __________
  • Piping _____________
A
  • materials
  • diameter
  • arrangements

p 97

74
Q

Piping systems are generally made of _______ iron, _________ iron, __________ cement, steel, _________ ________ (______), plastic or concrete.

A

cast / ductile / asbestos / polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

p 97

75
Q

The __________ __________ of the pipe should be such that it offers the least potential for friction loss.

A

internal surface

p 97

76
Q

It is recommended that fire hydrants supply mains be at least ____ inches in diameter. These should be closely gridded by ____ inch mains at intervals of not more than _______ feet.

A

6 / 8 / 600

p 98

77
Q

A ________ ____________ is an arrangement of water mains where the water will be supplied to a given point from more than one direction.

A

loop system

p 98

78
Q

A _______ __________, also known as a complex loop, is a large piping distribution system that is characterized by multiple water pathways.

A

grid system

p 98

79
Q

A well designed grid system uses pipe sizes of ___ inch and larger, which is one of the identifying features of a ___________ distribution system.

A

8 / strong

p 98

80
Q

A _______-_____ ________ is a single pipe that extends from a looped or grid system that is supplied from one direction.

A

dead-end main

p 98

81
Q

__________ are placed on water distribution systems to provide the ability to isolate portions of the system.

A

Valves

p 99

82
Q

Ideally, these valves should be located on each branch at the intersection of the mains and no more than _______ feet apart in high-value areas.

A

500

p 99

83
Q

An ____________ _________ visually shows the position of the valve: fully open, fully closed or partially closed.

A

indicating valve

p 100

84
Q

Two common indicator valves are the ______ __________ ________ and the ____________ ________ and _______.

A

post indicator valve (PIV) / outside stem and yoke

p 100

85
Q

OS&Y

The threaded portion of the stem is out of the yoke when the valve is _________ and inside the yoke when the valve is _________.

A

open / closed

p 100-101

86
Q

____________ stem gate valves should be marked by a number indicating the number of turns necessary to completely close the valve.

A

Nonrising

p 102

87
Q

___________ valves are tight closing and they usually have a rubber or a rubber composition seat that is bonded to the valve body.

A

Butterfly

p 103

88
Q

The most common type of hydrant used in the United States is the _____-__________ type.

A

dry-barrel

p 103

89
Q

A common variety of dry-barrel hydrant has two _____ outlets and one ______ outlet.

A

2 1/2 inch / 4 1/2 inch

p 103

90
Q

Whether they are wet-barrel or dry-barrel, hydrants are attached to the waters main by a short piece of pipe called a __________. This _________ should be at least ____ inches in diameter.

A

branch / branch / 6 inches

p 104

91
Q

Communities are given credit for those hydrants that are within a _______ feet of the property to be protected.

A

1000

p 106

92
Q

In addition, hydrants must deliver a minimum of ______ gpm at _____ psi residual pressure for a duration of ____ hours.

A

250 / 20 / 2

p 106

93
Q

In more congested areas and high fire risk areas, it is recommended that hydrants be located ______ feet apart, one hydrant at every street _____________, in the middle of ______ _________ and near the end of a long ______-______ street.

A

300 / intersection / long blocks / dead-end

p 106

Fire Detection and Suppression Systems 4th Edition (9 decks)

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