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Year 1 - Term 2: Carriage of Oxygen > 4. Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

4. Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Which ribs are true, false and floating, and what does it mean?

A

True: 1-7 (directly attached to sternum)

False: 8-10 (indirectly attached to sternum)

Floating: 11-12

NB: intercostal spaces and neurovascular structures are named after the rib above

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2
Q

What are A,B and C?

A

A: jugular notch

B: costal cartilages

C: costal margin

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3
Q

What are the 2 points of articulation of the rib with the vertebrae?

A

Vertebral body

Transverse process

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4
Q

Ribs tilt inferiorly. What level is the 2nd rib at anteriorly?

A

T4/5

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5
Q

Label the parts of the sternum

A

A: Sternal angle

B: xiphoid process

C: manubrium

4: body

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6
Q

What is unusual about this patient?

A

Cervical ribs.

May cause problems e.g. impinge on brachial plexus

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7
Q

What happens in inspiration?

A

Ribs and sternum raises, increase in thorax volume and decrease in pressure, air moves in

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8
Q

Label the 3 layers of chest wall muscles that help move the ribs, and describe their properties.

A

A: Innermost intercostal - deficient posteriorly - same as internal

B: Internal intercostal - go in opposite direction to external

A & B act as unit.

C: External intercostal - ends anteriorly at mid-clavicular line, forwards and downwards orientation, contract = pull ribs up

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9
Q

What are the intercostal muscles innervated by?

A

Anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves

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10
Q

What are A & B?

A

A: Internal intercostal muscle

B: External intercostal muscle

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11
Q

What order does the neurovascular bundle following the ribs go in?

A

RIB

VAN

NAV

RIB

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12
Q

Label A - D

A

A: thoracic aorta

B: posterior intercostal artery and vein

C: interior intercostal artery and vein

D: internal thoracic artery and vein

E: azygos vein

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13
Q

Label A and B

A

A: internal thoracic artery

B: R. subclavian artery

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14
Q

Label A-C

A

A: Superior vena cava

B: azygos vein

C: hemiazygos vein

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15
Q

Label the major and accessory muscles involved in inspiration, A-F

A

A: SCM

B: Pectoralis major

C: Rectus abdominis

D: Pec minor

E: Serratus anterior

F: External intercostal muscles

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16
Q

What is the diaphragm innervated by?

A

Phrenic nerve C3-5

17
Q

What spinal levels are:

Vena cava

Oesophagus

Aortic hiatus

A

T8

T10

T12

18
Q

Label A-C

A

A: Aorta

B: Inferior vena cava

C: Oesophagus

19
Q

What muscles are invovled in quiet inspiration and expiration?

A

Inspiration: diaphragm, external intercostals

Expiration: passive (muscle recoil)

20
Q

What muscles are invovled in deep inspiration and forced expiration?

A

Inspiration: accessory muscles: scalene muscles, SCM, pectoralis minor

Expiration: interosseous part of internal intercostal, adominal muscles, serratus posterior inferior

21
Q

Label A and B, and what they’re innervated by. What is C?

What is between A and B, and what is its function?

A

A: Visceral pleura, innervated by sympathetic nerves, covers external lung surface

B: parietal pleura, innervated by intercostal nerves T2-12

C: Phrenic nerves C3-5

Pleural fluid, reduces friction so tissue doesn’t wear, and creates surface tension. PF produced by parietal pleura.

22
Q

Where is the lung apex?

Where is the cardiac notch?

What are the pleural boundries?

What is the potential space during quiet respiration, inferiorly, called?

A

2cm above clavicle

4th rib

8, 10, 12 post.

costophrenic recess

23
Q

Describe and give reasons for the differences in the size and shape of the R and L lungs.

A

R lung - shorter and wider due to liver

L lung - taller and narrower due to heart

24
Q

Label A-F

A

A: horizontal fissure

B and C: oblique fissure

D: lobar bronchus

E: segmental bronchi

F: carina (sternal angle)

25
Q

Desrcibe the post. and ant. trachea.

Describe how the trachea bifurcates.

A

C-shaped cartilage ant., smooth muscle post.

R.bronchus - continuum, L.bronchus - goes off horizontally

26
Q

Describe the flow of air from nose to alveoli.

A

Trachea -> main bronchus -> lobar bronchus (3 in R, 2 in L) -> segmental bronchi -> conducting bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory brochioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs

27
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

Subdivision of lobe

Pyramid shaped

Surrounded by CT

Segmental bronchus, artery, lymph vessels and autonomic nerves

Segmental vein lies in CT between segments

A diseased segment can be removed surgically

28
Q

Describe the route of blood through the pulmonary circuit

A

R ventricle pumps blood to pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> PA carry blood to lungs for gas echange -> oxygenated blood returns to heart in pulmonary veins

29
Q

Label A-D

A

A: clavicle

B: Cardiophrenic angle

C: costophrenic angle

D: hila of lungs

30
Q

What anterior rib postion is the diaphragm?

A

6th

Year 1 - Term 2: Carriage of Oxygen (53 decks)

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