19. Structure and Function of Blood

Question 1

Plasma makes up what percentage of total extracellular fluid?

What are the percentage consitiuents of plasma and their jobs?

Answer 1

20%

90% H₂O (solvent, lubricant, cushion, heat dissapator), 2% glucose + salts, 8% protein (albumin (60% - transport and oncotic pressure), globulin (36%, immune), fibrinogin (4%, blood homeostasis)).

Question 2

Label A-C (with percentages)

Answer 2

A: plasma 55% (water 90%, solutes 10%)

B: erythrocytes (45%)

C: Leukocytes and thrombocytes (platelets)

Question 3

List the ions found in blood plasma. What does the electrolye balance do?

How does blood work as a buffer (equation)?

Answer 3

Inorganic = K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^-, bicarbonate, phosphate. Balance maintains BP and supports heart and muscle contraction. Also dissolved CO₂ as carbonic acid, H and bicarbonate ions/bound to amino groups of proteins inc. Hb (pH maintenance)

H⁺ + CO₃^- -> (<-) H₂CO₃ -> (<-) CO₂ + H₂O

Metabolic processes prod H⁺, buffered by excess HCO₃^- and CO₂ = prevents acidosis. Also histadine residues in free Hb and bind H⁺

Question 4

What are the 4 functions of plasma proteins?

What does plasma carry?

Answer 4

1. Inflammatory response - e.g. complement proteins and cytokines
2. Protection from infection - Abs
3. Clot formation - fibrinogen -> fibrin
4. Intravascular osmotic effect - albumin

Nutrients, waste, hormones, chemicals (e.g. drugs), free or protein bound

Question 5

What are the functions of blood?

What are the 3 types of blood cells?

Where is blood made, and why is it thicker there?

Answer 5

(Specialist CT) O₂, immunity, transport, pH, temperature, H₂O transport

RBC, WBC, platelets (thrombocytes)

In bone marrow (thicker there b/c still has nucleus)

Question 6

What kind of cells are in A and B and what is the difference between them?

Answer 6

Blood cells.

A: in bone marrow, thicker b/c nuclei present, more viscous

B: in blood, more fluid

Question 7

Label A-E in blood cell development

Answer 7

A: myeloid SC

B: myeloblast

C: lymphoid SC

D: megakariocyte

E: lymphoblast

Question 8

How many RBC are made per second?

What is the main control of their production?

What is Hb made up of?

How does it interact with O₂?

Answer 8

2mill/s

Erythropoietin

Tetramer, 4 globin chains: 2 alpha and 2 beta, haeme group.

O₂ binds to haeme, changes alpha and beta coformation. H⁺, CO₂ and 2,3 DPG promotes O₂ release in tissues - bohr effect

Question 9

What is anaemia? What are the male and female values for it?

Describe the body’s response to anaemia.

List some signs and symptoms of anaemia.

Answer 9

Low Hb concentration from decreased production or increased loss. Not diagnosis - always a cause. Hb <130g/l (male) <115g/l (female)

Anaemia -> reduced O2 supply to kidney -> increases erythropoetin (hormone) -> increases RBC production by bone marrow

Signs: pale, tachycardic, renal hemorrhage, systolic murmur, heart failure. Symptoms: tireness, SoB, palpitations

Question 10

What are the 3 types of anaemia? (Give values and reasos for each)

Answer 10

1. microcytic (<80fL) - Fe deficiency, thalassemia
2. normocytic (80-100fL) - blood loss, leukaemia, sickle cell, renal failure
3. macrocytic (>100fL) - B12 deficiency, alcohol, liver disease

NB: ususally Fe deficient - infection, mensturation, growth, pregnancy, GI loss e.g IBC, cancer

Question 11

Label cell A. What is happening in B?

Answer 11

A: platelets

B: platelets budding off

Question 12

What are platelets?

Describe haemostasis.

Define thrombocytopenia and haemophilia

Answer 12

Small circulating fragments of megakaryocytes from bone marrow. 10 day life span. 1 mill prod /s

Platelets form plug, clotting proteins e.g. fibrinogen produce thrombus.

Low platelet levels, can cause bleeding and bruising.

Low clotting factors

Question 13

Describe the 5 types of WBC

Answer 13

1. neutrophils - 2-4 lobes, most common, 1 mill/s made, engulf, neutrophilia (increases in infection/inflammation/hemorrhage), neuropenia (decreases in spesis/HIV/bone marrow failure e.g. leukemia/B12 deficiency)

2. eosinophils - bilobed nucleus, bright orange granules, increases in parasitic worm diseases, asthma, eczema, produced cytokines

3. basophils - 2-3 lobes, large blue granules contain histamine

1, 2 and 3 are GRANULOCYTES

4. monocytes - kidey shaped nucleus, similar function to myeloid cells, become macrophages - ingest foreign microbe, processes and presents its antigens to a T-cell, increases in chronic viral infections

5. lymphocytes - small, dense, few granules, T-cells (coordinate immune response), B-cells (prod Abs), NK cells (viral and tumor immunity), increases in viral infections, life = 1 week-100yrs

Question 14

Label cells A-E

Answer 14

A: neutrophil

B: eosinophil

C: basophil

D: monocyte

E: lymphocyte

Question 15

Bone marrow failute affects all three types of blood cells. What are the signs and symptoms, and the causes?

Answer 15

Fatigue, bleeding, infections death. From e.g. leukemia, aplastic anaemia, chemotherapy, toxins, B12 deficiency.

Question 16

Describe the 3 ways of detecting haematological problems.

Answer 16

1. FBC: RBC (absolute number and cell size), Hb (amount in blood/in RBC), cell/plasma components, platelets (absolute number), EBC (WCC)
2. blood films (if abnormal FBC, on glass, examine cell morphology)
3. bone marrow biopsy