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MBIO 3010 > Section 12 - LRTIs > Flashcards

Section 12 - LRTIs Flashcards

1
Q

What are symptoms of laryngitis/tracheitis?

A
  • Hoarseness

- Burning pain

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2
Q

What are common causes of laryngitis and tracheitis?

A
  • Parainfluenza
  • RSV
  • Influenza
  • Adenovirus
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3
Q

What organism causes diphtheria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheria

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4
Q

What is unique about corynebacterium diphtheria?

A

It must be lysogenized to cause disease (must carry a viral genome)

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5
Q

What does it mean to be lysogenized?

A

The virus is latent

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6
Q

What are the 2 best diagnostic methods for a disease caused by corynebacterium diphtheria?

A
  • PCR for the certain gene

- Look for presence of toxin with ELISA

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7
Q

Will corynebacterium diphtheria with AB toxin cause disease?

A

No

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8
Q

Why is diphtheria potentially life threatening?

A
  • C diphtheria produces A and B proteins that stop protein synthesis, which causes cell death
  • When cells die, they form a clump and the clump can grow and block the airway
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9
Q

Where is diphtheria most common?

A

Developing world

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10
Q

Is corynebacterium diphtheria found in the normal pharynx?

A

Yes, non-toxigenic strains

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11
Q

How does corynebacterium diphtheria adhere to surfaces?

A

Pili or fimbriae

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12
Q

What are 2 possible complications with diphtheria?

A
  • Myocarditis

- Polyneuritis

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13
Q

What is myocarditis?

A

Inflammation of the heart tissue

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14
Q

What are symptoms of polyneuritis?

A
  • Paralysis of soft palate

- Regurgitation of lipids

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15
Q

How is diphtheria treated and why?

A
  • With antitoxins and antibiotics

- Antibiotics lyse cells, so if they lyse viral cells the toxin will be released, so an antitoxin is needed

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16
Q

What does DTAP provide vaccination against?

A
  • Diphtheria
  • Pertussis
  • Tetanus
  • Polio
  • Haemophilus influenzae B
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17
Q

What causes pertussis?

A
  • Bordetella pertussis

- Bordetella parapertussis

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18
Q

How is bordetella pertussis transmitted?

A

Airborne droplets

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19
Q

What is the natural host of bordetella pertussis?

A

Humans

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20
Q

How does bordetella pertussis cause infection?

A

Attaches to and multiples in ciliated respiratory mucosa

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of an early bordetella pertussis infection?

A

Similar to a viral URT infection

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22
Q

Is a fever common or uncommon in pertussis and what does this mean?

A
  • Uncommon

- Pathogen causes a localized infection

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23
Q

What are the toxins produced by bordetella pertussis?

A
  • Pertussis toxin
  • Adenylate cyclase
  • Tracheal cytotoxin
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24
Q

What does the A subunit of pertussis toxin do?

A

ADP-ribosyl transferase that catalyzes the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD to host cell proteins

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25
Q

What does adenylate cyclase do?

A

Enters neutrophils and causes increased cAMP which inhibits chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bactericidal killing abilities

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26
Q

What does tracheal cytotoxin do?

A

Kills tracheal epithelial cells

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27
Q

What are some possible complications of pertussis?

A
  • Pneumonia (secondary infection)
  • Alveolar rupture
  • Seizures
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28
Q

What are the 3 stages of a pertussis infection?

A

1) Catarrhal
2) Paroxysmal
3) Convalescent

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29
Q

What are the symptoms of the catarrhal stage of a pertussis infection?

A
  • Mild cold
  • Runny nose
  • Mild cough
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30
Q

How long can the catarrhal stage of a pertussis infection last?

A

Several weeks

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31
Q

What are the symptoms of the paroxysmal stage of a pertussis infection?

A
  • Severe coughing

- 15-25 paroxysmal fits/24 hours

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32
Q

When does the convalescent stage of a pertussis infection occur?

A

4 weeks after infection

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33
Q

What does it mean when a vaccine is acellular?

A

The entire bacterial cell isn’t being used, only parts of the antigen are used

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34
Q

What is used in the vaccine against pertussis?

A

Pertussis toxoid and bacterial components

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35
Q

What are the common causes of viral acute bronchitis?

A
  • Rhinovirus
  • Coronavirus
  • Influenza virus
  • Adenovirus
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36
Q

What are the common causes of bacterial acute bronchitis?

A
  • Bordetella pertussis
  • Bordetella parapertussis
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Chlamydophila pneumoniae
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37
Q

When does acute bronchitis normally occur?

A

After an URTI

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38
Q

What is sputum production indicative of?

A

Bronchitis

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39
Q

What is the primary cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young infants?

A

Respiratory syncytial virus

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40
Q

How is RSV transmitted?

A

Droplets and sometimes hands

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41
Q

Where does RSV cause infection?

A

Nasopharynx and LRT

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42
Q

What are symptoms of RSV infection?

A
  • Cough
  • Fast respiratory rate
  • Cyanosis
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43
Q

Which animal carries Sin Nombre virus (SNV)?

A

Deer mouse

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44
Q

How is SNV transmitted?

A

Inhalation of SNV-infected rodent feces, saliva, or urine

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45
Q

What happens to the body in an SNV infection?

A
  • Viral invasion of pulmonary capillary endothelium

- Fluid pours into lungs due to increased vascular permeability

46
Q

What are the symptoms of old world hantavirus?

A
  • Hemorrhagic fever

- Renal syndrome

47
Q

What is the criteria for an infection to be considered hospital acquired?

A

Patient must be in the hospital for at least 72 hours before getting the infection

48
Q

What are the common causes of hospital acquired infections?

A

Gram negative organisms

49
Q

What are the 4 routes for lung infection?

A

1) Upper airway colonization or infection that extends to lung
2) Aspiration of organisms
3) Inhalation of airborne droplets
4) Seeding of lung via blood from distant site

50
Q

What is the maximum size that a droplet can be to reach the alveoli?

A

5 mm

51
Q

Which organism causes pneumonia?

A

Many different organisms cause pneumonia based on different factors

52
Q

What is the treatment for pneumonia?

A

No clear cut treatment; dependent on where the infection was contracted (community or hospital)

53
Q

What are the 4 types of pneumonia?

A

1) Lobar
2) Bronchopneumonia
3) Interstitial
4) Lung abscess

54
Q

What area does lobar pneumonia affect?

A

Distinct region of the lung

55
Q

What area does interstitial pneumonia affect?

A

Lung interstitium

56
Q

Is interstitial pneumonia normally viral or bacterial?

A

Viral

57
Q

What area do lung abscess’ affect?

A

Lung parenchyma

58
Q

What are common causes of bacterial pneumonia?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (25-60%)

- Haemophilus influenzae (5-15%)

59
Q

What is special about Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Frequently colonizes the URT of bronchitic patients

60
Q

What is primary atypical pneumonia?

A
  • New event (not a secondary infection)
  • Strep pneumoniae is not the cause
  • Infection doesn’t respond to penicillin
61
Q

What are common causes of primary atypical pneumonia?

A
  • M. pneumoniae
  • Chlamydophila psittaci
  • Coxiella burnetti
  • Legionella pneumophila
62
Q

How are chlamydophila psittaci and coxiella burnetti acquired?

A

Infected animals

63
Q

How is legionella pneumophila acquired?

A

Contaminated environmental sources

64
Q

How is primary atypical pneumonia diagnosed?

A
  • Sputum that is collected in the morning before breakfast
  • Gram stain
  • Serology to confirm diagnosis
65
Q

What is the difference between sputum and spit?

A

Spit contains epithelial cells (if a sample contains more than 10 epithelial cells it is considered spit)

66
Q

Where does sputum come from?

A

Lungs

67
Q

What is the treatment for primary atypical pneumonia?

A

Antibiotics

68
Q

How can primary atypical pneumonia be prevented?

A
  • 23-valent pneumococcus capsular vaccine for adults

- 7-valent vaccine for infants

69
Q

What does it mean when a vaccine is called 15-valent?

A

It protects against 15 different strains of the organism

70
Q

Can viruses cause pneumonia?

A

Yes

71
Q

How can viruses can pneumonia?

A

Invade through the respiratory tract or blood

72
Q

What can influenza A cause?

A

Epidemics and pandemics

73
Q

What species is influenza A found in?

A

Birds

74
Q

What can influenza B cause?

A

Epidemics

75
Q

What can influenza C cause?

A

No epidemics, just a mild respiratory illness

76
Q

Which types of influenza are put in vaccines?

A

A and B

77
Q

What type of antigens do influenza viruses contain?

A

H and N

78
Q

Is antigenic shift or drift more common in influenza viruses?

A

Drift

79
Q

Why do new influenza strains emerge?

A

Because influenza virus A infects pigs, horses, and other mammals

80
Q

Are pandemics usually caused by new or pre-existing organisms?

A

New

81
Q

How does influenza virus enter the body?

A
  • Droplets

- Attaches to sialic acid receptor on epithelial cell surface via H-spikes

82
Q

How long does it take to see symptoms after being infected with influenza?

A

1-3 days

83
Q

What can occur after 7-10 days of being infected with influenza?

A

Bronchitis or interstitial pneumonia

84
Q

How is the influenza virus prepared?

A
  • Virus is grown in egg
  • Purified
  • Formalin is inactivated
  • Ether is extracted
85
Q

What is the alternative influenza vaccine for people that are allergic to eggs?

A

“Split” vaccine (purified H and N antigens)

86
Q

How is an influenza infection treated?

A

Antiviral agents (zanamivir and oseltamivir)

87
Q

How can an influenza infection be diagnosed?

A

PCR

88
Q

What is SARS-CoV?

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus

89
Q

What does SARS-CoV cause?

A

15% of cold-like infections

90
Q

How is SARS-CoV acquired?

A

Consumption of exotic animals

91
Q

How long is SARS-CoV stable at room temperature?

A

2 days

92
Q

How long is SARS-CoV stable in feces?

A

4 days

93
Q

What is MERS and how is it transmitted?

A
  • A new form of coronavirus

- Transmitted through human-to-camel contact

94
Q

Where are outbreaks of MERS seen?

A

Saudi Arabia

95
Q

Where are receptors for MERS found in the body?

A

Lower respiratory tract

96
Q

What causes tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

97
Q

How long is mycobacterium tuberculosis stable on a surface?

A

Weeks

98
Q

How does mycobacterium cause disease?

A
  • Hides in alveolar macrophages
  • Once macrophages start presenting TB Ags, the body starts to mount a response against the TB-containing macrophages
  • This causes granuloma, which can rupture so the organism can gain access to other parts of the body
99
Q

What is mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to?

A
  • Acid fast staining

- Disinfectant

100
Q

How is tuberculosis diagnosed?

A
  • Signs and symptoms

- Tuberculin test

101
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of tuberculosis?

A
  • Coughing producing a lot of sputum
  • Fever
  • Weight loss
  • Blood in sputum
102
Q

What occurs in a tuberculin test?

A

Standardized amount of purified protein derivative is injected intradermally and the reaction is read 48 hours later

103
Q

What is a positive result for the tuberculin test in immunocompetent individuals?

A

Induration of 10 mm or more

104
Q

What is a positive result for the tuberculin test in immunosuppressed individuals?

A

Induration of 5 mm or more

105
Q

People with tuberculosis often are also infected with ______

A

HIV

106
Q

What is the treatment for tuberculosis?

A

3 drugs in combination for 6-9 months

107
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

An inherited disease of secretory glands

108
Q

What are symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

A
  • Pancreatic insufficiency
  • Abnormal sweat electrolyte concentrations
  • Production of very viscous bronchial secretions
109
Q

What are common organisms that colonize the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients?

A
  • P. aeruginosa
  • S. aureus
  • B. cepacia
110
Q

What is the treatment for cystic fibrosis?

A

Lung transplant

MBIO 3010 (17 decks)

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