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Psychology Unit 2 > Biopsychology year 1 > Flashcards

Biopsychology year 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is biopsychology

A

All about how biology influences behaviour

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2
Q

Nervous system

What does it let you do

A

Allows you to respond to changes in your environment

Allows you to coordinate your actions

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3
Q

What is a receptor

A

Detect stimuli

Communicate with effectors via the nervous or endocrine system

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4
Q

What is an effector

A

Brings about a response to a stimulus

Includes muscle cells and cells found in the glands

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5
Q

What are the two main parts of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

What is the central nervous system

A

Made up of the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system and what does it split into

A

Made up of the neutrons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

Autonomic nervous system
Somantic nervous system

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8
Q

What is the somantic nervous system

A

Controls conscious activities

Connects the CNS with the senses

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9
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system and what does it split into

A
  • controls unconscious activities
  • has two divisions that have opposite effects
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
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10
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system

A

Gets the body ready for action

Fight or flight

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11
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Calms the body down

It’s the rest and digest system

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12
Q

What are the cells of the nervous system called

A

Neurons

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13
Q

Describe a neuron

A
  • transmits information as electrical impulses
  • the cell body has dendrites that receive information from other neurons
  • the info passes along the axon in the form of an electrical impulse along to the axon terminal
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14
Q

Define a synapse

A

The small gap between two neurons

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15
Q

What is a neurotransmitter

A
  • chemicals that are released from the axon terminal that get passed along the synapse to pass the signal on to the dendrites of the next neuron
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16
Q

Describe sensory neurons

A

The nerve cells that transmit electrical impulses from receptors to the CNS

17
Q

Describe relay neurons

A

The nerve cells that transmit electrical impulses between sensory and motor neurons

18
Q

Describe motor neurons

A

The nerve cells that transmit electrical impulses from the CNS to the effectors

19
Q

What are reflexes

A
  • fast automatic responses to certain stimuli
  • they bypass your conscious brain completely
  • and instead they go through the spinal cord
  • rapid responses help us to avoid damage
20
Q

Synapse- the journey of the neurotransmitter

A
  • junction between a neuron and another neuron
  • the presynaptic neuron has the axon terminal which contains synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters
  • when a electrical impulse reaches the end of a neuron it causes neurotransmitters to be released
  • they diffuse across to the postsynaptic membrane and bind to specific receptors
  • neurotransmitters bind to receptors they trigger an electrical impulse which causes muscle contraction or cause a hormone to be secreted
21
Q

What happens after the initial transmission

Synaptic transmission

A
  • receptors are only on the postsynaptic membranes- synapses make sure impulses are unidirectional
  • neurotransmitters are removed from the gap after the transmission so the response doesn’t keep happening
22
Q

What are excitatory neurotransmitters

A
  • increase the likelyhood that an electrical impulse will be triggered in the postsynaptic neuron
23
Q

What are inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Decrease the likelihood that an electrical impulse will be triggered in the postsynaptic neuron

24
Q

Name some neurotransmitters

A
  • dopamine

- serotonin

25
Q

What is the endocrine system

A
  • also known as the hormonal system
  • involves glands and hormones
  • responsible for regulating a large number of bodily functions
26
Q

What is a gland

A

A group of cells that are specialised to secrete a useful substance such as a hormone

27
Q

What are hormones

A
  • chemical messengers
  • they diffuse directly into the blood , then are taken around the body by the circulatory system
  • they diffuse out of the blood all over the body, but each hormone will only bind to a specific receptor for that hormone
  • the hormones trigger a response in the target cells
28
Q

What are the major glands in the endocrine system

A

P- pituitary gland- known as the master gland because it releases hormones to control other glands

A- adrenal gland- produces hormones such as adrenaline. Responsible for fight or flight

T- testes- produce sex hormones (testosterone) responsible for reproduction

O- ovaries- produce sex hormones (oestrogen) responsible for reproduction

29
Q

Why are the endocrine systems communication slower, long-lasting and more widespread compared to nervous system

A
  • hormones aren’t released directly onto their target, must travel in the blood to get there
  • this results in a slower communication
  • they aren’t broken down as fast as neurotransmitters so the effects of hormones can last for much longer
  • hormones are transported all over the body so are more widespread
30
Q

How does the body prepare you for flight or fight

A
  • when the body is threatened it responds by preparing for action
  • the hypothalamus helps coordinate this response
31
Q

The activation of the fight or flight response

A
  • initial shock response, the hypothalamus triggers activity in the sympathetic branch of the autonomic system
  • this stimulates the adrenal medulla within the adrenal glands which releases adrenaline into the bloodstream
32
Q

How do the hormones releases from the flight or fight affect the body

A
  • blood pressure and heart rate increase to get blood quickly to areas of the body where it’s needed for activity
  • perspiration increases so that the body can cool down
  • breathing rate increases so that more oxygen can be sent to the muscles
  • pupil size increases so more lighten can enter the eye to allow for clearer vision
33
Q

What happens after the changes from the fight or flight

A
  • makes the body ready with energy to deal with the stressful situation eg running away from the rhino that has escaped the zoo

Psychology Unit 2 (13 decks)

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