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Microbiology/Immunology > T cells and cell-mediated immunity > Flashcards

T cells and cell-mediated immunity Flashcards

1
Q

which T helper cells enhance inflammation

A

TH17

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2
Q

which T helper cells direct toward cell-mediated immune response

A

TH1

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3
Q

which T helper cells direct toward humoral immune response

A

TH2

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4
Q

which T helper cells promote germinal center formation in lymphoid organs

A

TFH

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5
Q

which T cells downregulate immunity

A

regulatory T cells (Tregs)

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6
Q

which T cells lyse virus-infected cells

A

cytotoxic T cells (CTLs)

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7
Q

ontogeny of T lymphocytes

A

prothymocytes arise in bone marrow, migrate to thymus
thymocytes (in thymus) mature
mature T cells are released from thymus and travel to peripheral lymphoid organs
await activation by antigens in lymphoid organs

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8
Q

TCR

A

T cell antigen receptor
encompasses the proteins on the surface of T cells that allow them to recognize and respond to antigen
30,000 identical copies of TCR on T cell surface
not responsible for MHC restriction (function of CD4 and CD8)
equivalent to antibodies on B cells

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9
Q

TCR vs antibody

A

TCR has only one antigen-binding site while antibody has two binding sites
TCR is never secreted

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10
Q

CD3

A

cytoplasmic tails of TCR chains are not long enough to act as signal transducers
TCR is dependent on surface proteins (CD3) to transduce signals

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11
Q

co-stimulatory molecules

A 
required for full activation of T cells
examples: CD28 and CD40L
found on T cell surface
CD28 binds B7 on APC
CD40L binds CD40 on APC
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12
Q

what cytokine is the most potent activator of macrophages

A

IFN gamma

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13
Q

when is IL-12 produced

A

IL-12 is produced by macrophages and dendritic cells upon exposure to antigen

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14
Q

toward which pathway does IL-12 direct the immune response

A

IL-12 directs toward TH1 pathway (cell-mediated immune response)

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15
Q

toward which pathway does IL-4 direct the immune response

A

IL-4 directs toward TH2 pathway (humoral immune response)

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16
Q

what produces IL-4

A

IL-4 is thought to be produced by mast cells or antigen-activated T cells

17
Q

early activation events of T cell activation

A

clustering of TCRs with MHC peptide complexes on APC
phosphoinositide pathway, RAS, MAP kinase
protein kinase C and other kinases phosphorylate transcription factors

18
Q

gene transcription in T cell activation

A

transcription factor AP-1 initiates IL-2 cytokine production

IL-2 and IL-2 receptor produced for autocrine growth

19
Q

T cell activation

A

early signal transduction events
gene transcription
mitosis

20
Q

functions of CD4 and CD8

A

cell adhesion molecules
signal transduction
restriction of T cell responses to MHC class II/I

21
Q

TH1 cells primarily secrete

A

IFN gamma

22
Q

TH2 cells primarily secrete

A

IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13

23
Q

TH2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) promote production of

A

IgE for anti-parasite defense

24
Q

TH1 cytokine (IFN gamma) promotes

A

microbicidal activities of macrophages
B cell production of IgG (microbe opsonization)
with IL-2, IFN gamma generates CTLs

25
Q

CTLs are responsible for killing

A

intracellular microbes (viruses, tumor cells, transplanted tissues)

26
Q

CTL killing

A 
target cell binding and recognition of class I MHC and antigen
CTL activation
lethal hit
disengagement from target cell
death of target cell
27
Q

development of TH17 cells

A

develop from naive T cells when exposed to IL-1, IL-6, and TGF beta
IL-23 stabilizes the phenotype
TH17 cells promote inflammation by producing IL-17 and IL-22

28
Q

principle CTL killing mechanism (perforin/granzyme-mediated cell killing)

A

perforin facilitates delivery of granzyme B to target cell
granzyme B activates caspase pathway
target cell death via apoptosis

29
Q

secondary CTL killing mechanism (Fas/Fas L-mediated cell killing)

A

binding of CTL-expressed Fas ligand to target cell Fas protein
activation of caspases
apoptosis

30
Q

what does IL-1 mediate

A

chemotaxis and fever

31
Q

what do PGs mediate

A

vasodilation, fever, and pain

32
Q

what does histamine mediate

A

vasodilation and vascular permeability

33
Q

what does NO mediate

A

vasodilation and tissue damage

34
Q

what does TNF mediate

A

chemotaxis and fever

35
Q

what does bradykinin mediate

A

vascular permeability and pain

36
Q

what do ROS mediate

A

tissue damage

37
Q

what do chemokines mediate

A

chemotaxis

38
Q

two kinds of lipid mediators

A

PGs and leukotrienes

39
Q

what are lipid mediators produced from

A

arachidonic acid

Microbiology/Immunology (30 decks)

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