Set II Flashcards
During which developmental stage does the body begin to slow down and there is a gradual decrease in functioning capacity of all organ systems?
Middle age.
What factors affecting human development determine an individual’s height, weight, and appearance?
Hereditary factors.
Which factors include all of the outside influences and conditions that affect a person’s life and development?
Environmental factors
What physiological factors are important roles in determining how one feels about one’s self?
hint: 4 things.
Vitality, health, chronic illness, and endocrine system.
What are some examples of prenatal influences which can cause brain damage or dysfunctions for a fetus?
hint: t/d/ppc/m
Teratogens, diseases, poor prenatal care, malnutrition.
Identify examples of perinatal or postnatal influences a parent can have on a child.
hint: m/a/a/i/m/p
Medication, anoxia, accident, illness, malnutrition, poisoning.
What is the most important biological factor to consider in the study of development?
Maturation.
When is physical development greater than at any other time in the life cycle?
Infancy.
During what stage of development do children develop a sense of their own individuality and willpower?
Middle childhood.
During what stage of development do children become more athletic?
Middle childhood.
Socialization and learning are major psychosocial development tasks during which stage of development?
Young adulthood.
What does adolescence mean?
Becoming adult.
When does adolescence generally start?
Around age 12.
Who does the adolescent identify with and gain a sense of belonging and self-acceptance from?
Adolescents identify with peers.
What does the term “psychosocial moratorium” mean? What is its psychological purpose?
keywords: harmonize [with]… assimilate
Young adulthood, or a second period of delay after adolescence. It allows the individual time to harmonize the different parts of their personality and to assimilate adolescence completely before assuming an adult identity.
During which developmental stage does the body begin to slow down and there is a gradual decrease in functioning capacity of all organ systems?
Middle age.
What are some signs of senescence?
Normal aging without significant loss of function.
What are some examples of senility?
Aging accompanied by considerable physical and psychological deterioration.
What are the three leading causes of death for individuals in late adulthood?
Heart disease, cancer, and cerebrovascular accident.
What is the definition of self-concept?
Our subjective perception of who we are and what we are like.
Our response to our name or to photographs of ourselves is an example of what dimension of the self-concept?
Self-recognition.
In which dimension of the self concept might some people use objects to prove their importance or status?
Extensions of the self.
According to Charles Cooley, what does the phrase the looking-glass self refer to?
The origins and nature of self-concepts.
What is the result of a person having more positive traits than negative traits?
Positive self-image.
What is the first significant primary group in our lives that gives us information about the kind of person we believe we are?
Our immediate family.
The child develops much of his or her own personality and self-awareness by imitating the behavior of family members and identifying with what traits?
Identifying with their values, attitudes, morals, ethics, religion, prejudices, likes, and dislikes
Beyond the home, what is one of the first real-life experiences of the child?
School.
Who are the major role players in the development and formation of a child’s self-image?
Parents, teachers, and significant others.
What is meant by the term self-ideal?
Refers to the beliefs that a person holds regarding the kind of person he or she should be or wants to become.
How is the self-ideal often formulated?
By the process of comparison with others.
What is meant by the term self-talk?
Refers to what we tell ourselves about ourselves.
What is meant by the term selective perception?
Perceiving what we want or expect others to perceive.
What are Freud’s three levels of mind awareness?
Conscious, subconscious (or preconscious), and unconscious.
According to Freud’s theory of personality development, what three psychological forces determine personality?
Id, ego, and superego.
How is repression defined according to Freud’s theory of personality development?
The involuntary exclusion of a painful or conflicting thought, memory, feeling, or impulse from awareness.
According to Freud, what defense mechanism is commonly used against the stress of being diagnosed with a terminal illness?
Denial.
According to Freud, how is the defense mechanism of identification defined?
The wish to be like another person and to assume the characteristics of that individual’s personality.
What is one of the problems with Freud’s theory of development?
It fails to explore any phases of adult development.
According to Freud’s psychosexual development theory, during what stage does the young child derive satisfaction from and copes with discomfort or anxiety by sucking?
Oral stage.
According to Freud’s psychosexual development theory, during what stage does the young child need to learn to delay gratification and exert the muscle control necessary for toilet training?
Anal stage.
According to Freud, during what period does the Electra complex occur?
Phallic stage.
In Freud’s psychoanalytical therapeutic approach, what will analyzing dreams provide?
Insight into the individuals wants, desires, and conflicts.
According to Erikson’s theory, what two forces must be synthesized during the developmental phases for a healthy personality development?
Positive and negative experiences.
According to Erikson, what is the central scheme during middle childhood, or school age?
To develop scholastic and social competency.
Erikson believed that unsuccessful completion of what developmental stage during infancy will cause the child to withdraw from school and peers?
School age.
In Sullivan’s theory, what do children develop to protect themselves against anxiety?
Security operations.
According to Sullivan, what security operation occurs when a person sleeps to avoid anxiety?
Somnolent detachment.
In Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, what stage are children unable to reason?
hint: starts with an s
Sensorimotor stage.
What famous behaviorist experiment is the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov credited with?
Salivary responses in dogs.
Define modeling and shaping?
Parents and other important persons in a child’s life demonstrating the desired response patterns.
What is the focus of humanistic theory?
remember: conscious experiences
People’s conscious experiences and perceptions and on freeing them from disabling assumptions and attitudes to they can develop their potential.
What are the three basic principles of the humanistic approach?
Self as a unifying theme, emphasis on value and personal growth, and a positive view of nature and its potential.
According to Charolette Buhler’s five phases of goal-orientation, during what phase do people begin to think about their needs and potential?
Adolescence and young adult.
What is the focus of the therapist in existential therapy?
To help the patient clarify his or her values and work out a meaningful way of “being in the world.”
What is existential therapy used for with patients?
To help lead the individual toward personal growth and a socially constructive and personally fulfilling life.
What do the diagnostic criteria provide?
A description of specific information to associate with each mental disorder.
How is the diagnosis of DSM-IV-TR governed?
By three criteria: the disorder is not due to the direct effects of a substance; the disorder is not due to the direct effects of a general medical condition; the disorder causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
What does it mean to classify something?
keyword: arrange…
To arrange according to a system.
What does the classification system used in the DSM-IV-TR allow mental health providers to do?
To communicate more clearly in a universal language among themselves and to provide standard care.
When may anxiety be considered an indicator of a mental disorder?
hint: i/i/p
When it is irrational, incapacitating, or persistent.