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reproduction final (2015) > Reproduction Final Part 1 (Pozor) > Flashcards

Reproduction Final Part 1 (Pozor) Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Aneuploidy

A

Increase or decrease in normal chromosome number (usually only by one chromosome), leading to trisomy or monosomy.

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2
Q

Define: Chimera

A

An individual having embryonic tissue from two different individuals.

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3
Q

Define: Diploid

A

Number of chromosomes in somatic cells (2N).

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4
Q

Define: Gonadal dysgenesis

A

Gonads fail to differentiate and remain in embryonic form, termed “streak” gonads.

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5
Q

Define: Haploid

A

Number of chromosomes in a gamete (N).

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6
Q

Define: Hermaphrodite

A

An individual having both testicular and ovarian tissue.

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7
Q

Define: Intersex

A

Any situation in which there is ambiguity in the structure of external genitalia, internal genitalia, or gonads.

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8
Q

Define: Monosomy

A

Loss of one chromosome from a homologous pair.

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9
Q

Define: Mosaic

A

Individual having cell lines with two different genotypes.

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10
Q

Define: Pseudohermaphroditic

A

An individual having the chromosomes and gonads of one sex, with the opposite phenotype.

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11
Q

Define: Trisomy

A

Extra chromosome added to a homologous pair.

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12
Q

Define: Chromosomal (genotypic) sex

A

Determined at fertilization in mammals by the type of sex chromosome contributed by the sperm (X or Y).

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13
Q

Define: Gonadal sex

A

Determined by the presence or absence of the Sry gene of the Y chromosome, and other genes.

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14
Q

What is the Sry gene?

A

Sex-determining region of the Y-chromosome

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15
Q

Define: Phenotypic sex

A

Determined by substances produces in the testis that cause regression of the female tract and maintenance of the male tract, or, in the absence of a testis, maintenance of the female tract and regression of the male tract. These substances also regulate the development of external genitalia, secondary sex characteristics, development of the brain, and other characteristics related to phenotype.

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16
Q

T/F: The early stages of sexual differentiation are exactly the same for males and females.

A

TRUE

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17
Q

What is the precursor of the gonad in either sex?

A

Genital ridge

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18
Q

What’s another name for the Wolffian ducts? For the Mullerian ducts?

A

Wolffian –> Mesonephros

Mullerian –> Paramesonephros

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19
Q

T/F: Female is the default process for the gonads.

A

FALSE

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20
Q

During the development of a male fetus, what type of cells are especially important due to their role as a testosterone producer?

A

Fetal Leydig cells

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21
Q

What hormone is produced by Sertoli cells that adds to the differentiation of male characteristics?

A

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)

22
Q

In the presence of androgens, the genital tubercle develops into what? What about in the absence of androgens?

A

Androgens –> penis

No androgens –> clitoris

23
Q

For each of the following portions of the male reproductive system, briefly describe its function:

  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Accessory sex glands
  • Pelvic urethra
  • Penis
A
  • Testes: gametes and hormones
  • Epididymis: sperm maturation and transport
  • Vas deferens: sperm transport
  • Accessory sex glands: production of seminal plasma
  • Pelvic urethra: semen transport
  • Penis: copulatory organ and semen deposition
24
Q

For each of the following species, describe the position of the testis (vertical, horizontal, oblique) and that of the tail of the epididymis:

  • Bull
  • Ram
  • Stallion
  • Boar
  • Dog
A

Bull

  • Testis: vertical
  • Epididymis: ventral

Ram

  • Testis: vertical
  • Epididymis: ventral

Stallion

  • Testis: horizontal
  • Epididymis: caudal

Boar

  • Testis: oblique
  • Epididymis: dorso-caudal

Dog

  • Testis: oblique
  • Epididymis: dorso-caudal
25
Q

List the major layers of the scrotum from superficial to deep.

A 
Skin -->
Tunica dartos -->
Scrotal fascia -->
Parietal vaginal tunic -->
Visceral vaginal tunic
26
Q

List the major layers of the testis from superficial to deep.

A

Visceral vaginal tunic –>
Tunica albuginea –>
Seminiferous tubules –>
Mediastinum testis

27
Q

What is the role of the efferent ducts in the testis?

A

Provide a functional connection between testis and epididymal duct.

28
Q

For each of the following portions of the female reproductive system, briefly describe its function:

  • Ovaries
  • Oviducts
  • Uterus
  • Cervix
  • Vagina
A
  • Ovaries: gametes and hormones
  • Oviducts: environment for fertilization and development of the embryo.
  • Uterus: environment for sperm transport, embryogenesis, and attachment of the conceptus.
  • Cervix: mucus secretion (during estrus) and cervical seal (during pregnancy).
  • Vagina: copulatory organ
29
Q

In most mammals the _____________ surrounds the ___________ to form the ovary. In the case of horses, however, the two are _____________.

A

In most mammals the cortex surrounds the medulla to form the ovary. In the case of horses, however, the two are reversed.

30
Q

T/F: Where most mammals can ovulate across the majority of their ovarian tissue, horses can only ovulate in a small, specific area.

A

TRUE

The area is called the ovulation fossa.

31
Q

Describe the overall shape of the ovary of a sow. Of a mare.

A

Sow –> lumpy and bumpy

Mare –> looks like a bean

32
Q

Name two species that have bicornuate style of poorly-developed uterine horns and a difference between the two.

A

Cow and Mare

Cows have a septum that partially divides the two horns, mares do not.

33
Q

Name three species that have bicornuate style of highly-developed uterine horns.

A

Bitch, Queen, Sow

34
Q

Name a species that has a simplex style of uterus (i.e. no uterine horns).

A

Primates

that’s us!

35
Q

T/F: The infundibulum is always connected to the ovary.

A

FALSE

In the case of the cow, the infundibulum move away from the ovary when ovulation isn’t occurring.

36
Q

In what species is the dorsal commissure smaller than the ventral commissure?

A

Mare

37
Q

When does meiosis of sex cells begin in females? When in males?

A

Females –> during fetal development

Males –> during puberty

38
Q

T/F: Germ cells are haploid.

A

FALSE

Germ cells are DIPLOID.

39
Q

Briefly describe the 5 stages of prophase I.

A
  1. ) Leptotene –> chromatin of chromatids is stretched thinly; condensation starts
  2. ) Zygotene –> homologous chromosomes pair side-by-side
  3. ) Pachytene –> chromatids thicken and shorten; crossing-over may occur
  4. ) Diplotene –> tetrads separate; high level of gene transcription
  5. ) Diakinesis –> centromeres move away from each other; breakdown of nuclear membrane
40
Q

For oogenesis, where are the primordial germ cells (PGCs) located prior to the primitive gonad? How do they move?

A

Located in the yolk sac and migrate along the hindgut to the primitive gonad.

41
Q

Once in the ovary, primordial germ cells (PGCs) undergo morphological changes to become what?

A

Oogonia

42
Q

T/F: Oogonia are interconnected by intercellular bridges.

A

TRUE

43
Q

Initiation of meiosis in females occurs (with/without) endocrine stimulus.

A

Initiation of meiosis in females occurs WITHOUT endocrine stimulus.

44
Q

Through what processes do oogonia become primary oocytes?

A

Multiple mitotic divisions and the initiation of meiosis

45
Q

At what stage are primary oocytes arrested?

A

Late diplotene stage (aka dictyate stage)

46
Q

What occurs in the primary oocyte during arrest?

A

Growth!! 200x Also, the zona pellucida is formed.

47
Q

What causes the resumption of meiosis?

A

Ovulatory gonadotropin stimulus

48
Q

T/F: Meiosis is only arrested once.

A

FALSE

After progression to Metaphase II, meiosis is arrested again.

49
Q

T/F: Cytoplasmic inheritance of a zygote is mostly, and almost exclusively, derived from the egg.

A

TRUE

50
Q

What is a Balbiani body?

A

Numerous organelles in small oocytes are first clustered around the nucleus and form the so-called Balbiani body or “yolk” nucleus.

51
Q

What organelle is most important in supplying the zona pellucida during the growth phase?

A

Golgi bodies

reproduction final (2015) (9 decks)

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