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Reproduction Final (2015) > Reproduction Final Part 6 (Pozor) > Flashcards

Reproduction Final Part 6 (Pozor) Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: The mammary gland is a modified sweat gland.

A

TRUE

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2
Q

Development of the mammary glands begins as what in the prenatum?

A

Mammary ridges

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3
Q

At puberty, what changes occur to the mammary glands as a result of estrogen? Of progesterone?

A

Estrogen –> ducts branch; diameter increases

Progesterone –> alveoli develop

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4
Q

During pregnancy, terminal alveoli begin to grow into bunches called what?

A

Lobules

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5
Q

During what stage of pregnancy do the lobulo-alveolar structures undergo mammogenesis?

A

3rd Trimester

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6
Q

Describe the divisions of the mammary gland.

A

Mammary gland –> Fatty tissue & Lobes
Lobes –> Lobules
Lobules –> Alveoli

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7
Q

Which animal has the most teats (that we discussed)? \

A

Swine

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8
Q

T/F: All animals have the same number of canals per teat.

A

FALSE

Some have multiple ducts/teat (horse, pig, dog, primate) where others might only have one sinus/teat (goat and sheep).

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9
Q

T/F: In species with less invasive types of placentation, the placenta serves as a barrier against immunoglobulin transfer.

A

TRUE

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10
Q

What is the predominant immunoglobulin in colostrum?

A

IgG

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11
Q

Briefly describe the four stages of the lactation cycle.

A

Mammogenesis –> proliferation of mammary tissue during pregnancy
Lactogenesis –> production of milk by the mammary gland
Galactopoesis –> continued secretion of milk
Involution –> gradual regression of mammary tissue following lactation

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12
Q

What effect does age of the mother have on quality of the colostrum?

A

Older age = better colostrum

Mother has been exposed to more pathogens and, therefore, has a wider array of antibodies.

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13
Q

What hormonal change initiates lactogenesis?

A

Decrease in progesterone

-Increase in prolactin

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14
Q

What is a benefit the mother receives from the production of colostrum.

A

Immunoglobulins help prevent mastitis.

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15
Q

Name the five principle ways components of milk exit surrounding cells to form milk.

A

I - Exocytosis (sugars and salts like lactose and casein)
II - Lipid Diffusion (FAs and glycerol)
III - Apical Transport (H2O, Na+, Cl-, K+, monosaccharides)
IV - Transcytosis (IgA)
V - Paracellular (immunoglobulins and leukocytes)

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16
Q

Give the term for the following creatures:

  • Uncastrated male swine
  • Castrated male swine
  • Young swine
  • Unbred female swine
  • Bred female swine
A
  • Uncastrated male swine –> Boar
  • Castrated male swine –> Barrow
  • Young swine –> Piglet
  • Unbred female swine –> Gilt
  • Bred female swine –> Sow
17
Q

What is the color of the corpus luteum in swine?

A

Red

18
Q

What accessory sex gland is missing from male swine?

A

Ampulla

19
Q

What is the orientation of the tail of the epidiymus in swine?

A

Dorso-caudal

20
Q

Where, in swine, is the Sigmoid Flexure located in relation to the scrotum? Is this standard across other species?

A

Prescotal Sigmoid Flexure

No, many other species have post-scrotal Sigmoid Flexures.

21
Q

What is considered to be the minimum amount of teats a female swine should have for safe breeding? Is there any specification as to their location?

A

A minimum of 6 teats/side.

Three should be in front of the umbilicus.

22
Q

Describe the frenulum in developing boars.

A

It’s an attachment from the penis to the prepuce. It is broken, naturally, during puberty.

23
Q

What is the average age for pigs to enter puberty?

A

9 months.

24
Q

Roughly how many sperm are in a swine ejaculate and where does the majority of the volume come from?

A

30-60 billion sperm

Volume comes from the vesicular glands

25
Q

Name a pheromone used by boars and where they excrete it.

A

5-alpha-aldrostenone is found in boar saliva.

26
Q

Describe the “boar effect” on developing gilts.

A

Non-sexual exposure to mature boars can stimulate the initiation of female puberty.

27
Q

What type of breeders are pigs? (i.e. seasonal, non-seasonal, monoestrus, polyestrus, etc.)

A

Nonseasonally Polyestrus

28
Q

How long is the estrous cycle in sows?

A

21 days

29
Q

What is “flush feeding”?

A

The practice of increasing feed intake for several days to 2 weeks before mating to increase number of oocytes ovulated.

30
Q

Describe standing heat.

A
  • When sows enter estrus it occurs
  • Defined by locking of limbs to allow mounting of male
  • Duration of 2-3 days
  • Can be tested for with the “back pressure” test (sit on pig).
31
Q

For a sow to acknowledge pregnancy, how many conceptuses must be present?

A

At least 2/uterine horn.

32
Q

What hormone do fetal pigs secrete to promote pregnancy?

A

Estrogen

33
Q

What is another name for parturition in swine?

A

Farrowing

34
Q

Describe the type of placentation used by swine.

A

Diffuse & Epitheliochorial

35
Q

What hormones can be given to sows to induce farrowing?

A
  • Prostaglandin

- Oxytocin

36
Q

Describe lactational anestrus.

A

Most sows are unable to cycle while nursing piglets.

Reproduction Final (2015) (9 decks)

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