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MUSIC 100 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4 Families of the Orchestra:

A

Woodwind, Brass, Percussion, and Strings.

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2
Q

Timbre is synonymous with…

A

Tone color.

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3
Q

Degrees of loudness and softness in music are called…

A

Dynamics.

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4
Q

The relative highness or lowness of sound is…

A

Pitch.

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5
Q

The pitch of a sound is decided by the __________ of its vibrations.

A

Frequency.

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6
Q

The distance between any two tones is called…

A

An interval.

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7
Q

When two different tones blend so well when sounded together that they almost seem to merge into one time, the interval is called an________.

A

Octave.

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8
Q

The frequency of vibrations is measured in_________.

A

Cycles per second.

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9
Q

A dynamic accent occurs when a performer________________.

A

Emphasizes a tone by playing it more loudly than the tones around it.

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10
Q

A gradual increase in loudness is called a __________.

A

Crescendo.

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11
Q

In music, a sound that has a definite pitch is called a ________.

A

Tone.

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12
Q

Music can be defined as ______________.

A

An art based on the organization of sounds in time.

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13
Q

In general, the smaller the vibrating element, the _____________ its pitch.

A

Higher.

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14
Q

In Jazz, each statement of the basic harmonic patters of melody is called a _________.

A

Chorus.

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15
Q

When a voice is answered by an instrument, or when one instrument (or group of instruments) is answered by a chorus, the pattern is referred to as __________.

A

Call and response.

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16
Q

Creating music at the same time as it is being performed is known as________.

A

Improvisation.

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17
Q

Syncopation and _________ swing are two of the most distinctive features of jazz.

A

Rhythmic.

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18
Q

Ragtime flourished in the US ___________________________.

A

From the 1890’s to about 1915.

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19
Q

Characteristics of blues:

A

Usually follow a 12-bar pattern as a basis for improvisation, may be vocal or instrumental, and has a 12-bar harmonic frame.

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20
Q

The most famous Blues singer of the 1920’s, known as the “empress of the blues” was ___________.

A

Bessie Smith.

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21
Q

Blues music is usually written in ___ time.

A

4/4.

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22
Q

“Scat singing,” which Louis Armstrong introduces to Jazz, is ________________________________________.

A

Vocalization of a melodic line with nonsense syllables.

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23
Q

Short, repeated melodic phrases frequently used during the swing era are called ______.

A

Riffs.

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24
Q

Free Jazz…

A

Began in the early 1960’s, can be compared to chance music, and disregarded regular forms/established chord patterns.

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25
Q

Cool Jazz…

A

Was related to bop but was calmer and more relaxed in character.

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26
Q

The 3 most important parameters in music:

A
  1. Rhythm
  2. Melody (vert.)
  3. Harmony (hor.)
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27
Q

The smallest, most basic interval is ________.

A

The half step.

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28
Q

Form

A

The way that the music is organized in the song.
EX: ABBA.
The shape and structure that music uses to help organize itself.
Theme and key are used.

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29
Q

Refrain

A

The opening virelai music along with it’s text.

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30
Q

Melody

A

Formed by the notes that are played together in the song.

Horizontal Aspect.

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31
Q

Beat

A

How the notes of the song are divided into tempo.

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32
Q

Accents

A

Points of emphasis in the song.

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33
Q

Agogic Accents

A

The natural emphasis that occurs through the use of longer notes.

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34
Q

Interval

A

The distance between two notes.

EX: Step for a 2nd, skip for a 3rd, leap for a 4th.

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35
Q

Harmony

A

Consists of the simultaneous notes that occur at a given moment.
The vertical aspect.
Adds support, depth, and richness to a melody.

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36
Q

Monophony

A

One melody alone.

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37
Q

Polophony/Counterpoint

A

Two or more notes at once.

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38
Q

Homophony

A

One melody with chordal accompaniment.

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39
Q

Jazz was started from _____________________ singing while working. These songs were called __________ or ______________.

A

African American plantation workers… “field hollers”…“work songs.”

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40
Q

In 1924, the _______________ was performed by the Paul Whiteman band. This song contained two very important components to jazz which were __________ and __________.

A

The Gershwin Rhapsody in Blue… Syncopation… Improvisation.

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41
Q

What are the earliest vocal sources of Jazz?

A

Field Hollers.
Spirituals.
Blues.
Scat Singing.

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42
Q

The characteristics of Blues are…

A

4/4
12-bar harmonic pattern.
Vocal or instrumental.
Scale has flatted 3rd, 5th, and 7th pitches.

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43
Q

What is scat singing?

A

Nonsense syllables to the rhythm and harmonies of jazz.

Stared by Louis Armstrong.

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44
Q

What is ragtime?

A

The instrumental equivalent to field hollers, spirituals, and blues.

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45
Q

Who was the “King of Rag”?

A

Scott Joplin.
He was born in Texarkana, Texas and moved to MIssouri.
“The Entertainer” from the movie The Sting and “Maple Leaf Rag”.

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46
Q

Duke Ellington, a Director, viewd the big band as having 3 distinct families…

A
  1. Woodwind: 4 sax along the front.
  2. Brass: 4 trombones in the middle, 4 in the back.
  3. Rhythm: set apart from the above three lines were keyboard, bass, and a drum set.
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47
Q

How are dynamics expressed?

A

In Italian.

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48
Q

Crescendo

A

A gradual increase of volume. (dynamic)

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49
Q

Diminuendo/Decrescendo

A

Gradual decrease of volume. (dynamic)

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50
Q

Accents

A

Natural of imposed emphasis.

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51
Q

Legato

A

Smoothly connected notes. (accent)

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52
Q

Staccato

A

Detached/separated notes. (accent)

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53
Q

Assai

A

Very

Describes tempo.

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54
Q

Non troppo

A

Not too much

Describes tempo.

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55
Q

An octave is _____________ apart.

A

Eight Scale Steps

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56
Q

A ___________ indicates that the pitch is raised by a 1/2 step.

A

Sharp.

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57
Q

A _________ indicates that the pitch is lowered by a 1/2 step.

A

Flat.

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58
Q

Ionian scale is better known as ______.

A

The Major Scale.

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59
Q

Aeolian scale is better known as_______.

A

The Minor Scale.

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60
Q

The ______ is the first pitch (or the I chord) of the scale or key that you are in.

A

Tonic.

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61
Q

Idiophones

A

The body of the entire instrument itself vibrates.

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62
Q

Membranophones

A

A stretched membrane or skin vibrates.

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63
Q

Chordophones

A

Some type of stretched string vibrates.

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64
Q

Aerophones

A

A column of air vibrates.

EX: Flutes

65
Q

Electronophones

A

Having electronically produced vibrations.

66
Q

Most vocal ranges consist of __ octaves.

A

2.

67
Q

Opera consists of a ______. That is the communication of a text of a large scale.

A

Libretto.

68
Q

Coloratura Soprano

A

Highest female range, versatine with the most rapid, difficult music.

69
Q

Lyric Soprano

A

Next-to-highest soprano range blends with ranges just above an below.

70
Q

Dramatic Soprano

A

A commanding, strong voice in the middle of the total female range.

71
Q

Mezzo-Soprano

A

Having an unusually large range, high to as low as the typical alto.

72
Q

Contralto

A

Lowest female voice, almost male-like in character and strength.

73
Q

Countertenor

A

Singing on only 1/2 of the folds in the vocal chords, especially high.

74
Q

Heldentenor

A

Heroic tenor, dramatic tenor with a leading opera role.

75
Q

Baritone

A

In between tenor and bass, sometimes capable of either.

76
Q

Basso Buffo

A

Comic bass, commonly found in comic opera.

77
Q

Basso Profundo

A

Especially low and resonant bass.

78
Q

Genere

A

types of music that are grouped together according to: Medium, Text (or no text), and Function.

79
Q

Dominant

A

The 5th scale tone.

80
Q

Tessitura/The part of an instrument’s total range:

A

Register

81
Q

Orchestra in score order:

A 
2 flutes
2 oboes
2 clarinets
2 bassoons
2 french horns
2 trumpets
2 timpani
First violins
Second violins
Violas
Cellos
Double basses
82
Q

3 Classical Artists:

A
  1. Haeden
  2. Mozart
  3. Beethoven
83
Q

The lowest instrument in the orchestra is the __________.

A

Contrabassoon.

84
Q

Systems of electric components that generate, modify, and control sound are called __________.

A

Synthesizers.

85
Q

The highest woodwind instrument in the orchestra is the ________.

A

Piccolo.

86
Q

Plucking the string with the finger instead of using a bow is called _________.

A

Pizzicato.

87
Q

Symphonic bands differ from symphonic orchestras in that they ____________.

A

Do not contain a string section.

88
Q

Using vibrato….

A

Makes the tone warmer and more expressive.

89
Q

A piece of wood or plastic that brass players use to alter the tone of their instruments is called a _____.

A

Mute.

90
Q

The very high-pitched tones that are produced when a string player lightly touched certain points on a string are called ________.

A

Vibrato.

91
Q

THe main tool of composers of electronic music during the 1950’s was the ____________.

A

Tape studio.

92
Q

The organization of beats into regular groups is know as __________.

A

Meter.

93
Q

In syncopation, the _________ is accented.

A

Weak beat.

94
Q

The _______ shows the pitch of each ling and space on the staff.

A

Clef.

95
Q

Adding a dot to a note increases its duration by ________.

A

Half.

96
Q

The meter of a piece is shown by its __________.

A

Sharp signs.

97
Q

A melodic phrase ending that sets up expectations for continuation is known as an ___________.

A

Incomplete cadence.

98
Q

A series of single tones that ass up to a recognizable whole is called a ________.

A

Melody.

99
Q

The repetition of a melodic pattern at a higher or lower pitch is called a _________.

A

Sequence.

100
Q

A resting place at the end of a phrase is called a ________.

A

Cadence.

101
Q

A shorter part of a melody is called a _______.

A

Phrase.

102
Q

A melody is said to move by steps if it moves by ______________.

A

Adjacent scale tones.

103
Q

A melody that serves as the starting point for a more extended piece of music is called a _______.

A

Theme.

104
Q

A combination is 3 or more times sounded at the same time is called a _________.

A

Chord.

105
Q

The triad built on the 5th step of the scale is called the ___________.

A

Dominant chord.

106
Q

When the individual tones of a chord are sounded one after another instead of simultaneously, it is called a broken chord or _________.

A

Arpeggio.

107
Q

A shift from one key to another within the same composition is called ________.

A

Modulation.

108
Q

The central tone around which a musical composition is organized is called the _______.

A

Tonic.

109
Q

Musical texture refers to ____________.

A

How layers of sound are related to each other.

110
Q

Key/tonality refers to ___________________.

A

A central tone, chord, and scale.

111
Q

Retaining some features of a musical idea while changing others is called ________.

A

Variation.

112
Q

Flutes are the ______ voice of the woodwind section, while oboes are the ______ voice and have a double-reed tone.

A

Soprano…Alto.

113
Q

The entire orchestra tunes to the _________’s note A, typically tunes at 440 cps.

A

First-oboe’s.

114
Q

Some instruments have an ____ key, which raises the notes played by an octave.

A

8ve.

115
Q

Some instruments, like the _________, have a register key, which raises the notes by a 12th.

A

Clarinet.

116
Q

There are __________ clarinets that are often used, a ________ clarinet, and an ___ clarinet.

A

Two soprano… B-flat… A.

117
Q

________ have the biggest practical range of all woodwinds (about 3-and-a-half octaves).

A

Clarinet.

118
Q

_________ are similar to the clarinet, but play much lower, and have a range of two-and-a-half octaves. They are the bass voice of the woodwind section.

A

Bassoons.

119
Q

Composers give bassoons solos, partly because they are a ____________ instrument.

A

Double-reed.

120
Q

The horn is a brass instrument with a ________.

A

Conical bore.

121
Q

The modern horn is a double horn with ___ complete sets of tubing.

A

Two.

122
Q

The ________ is the highest pitched brass instrument, and has a cylindrical bore.

A

Trumpet.

123
Q

The __________ is a brass tenor voice, and has a cylindrical bore. It has a rang of two-and-a-half octaves.

A

Trombone.

124
Q

The ________ is a brass bass voice that has a conical bore. It was introduced in Germany in 1835.

A

Tuba.

125
Q

The ________ are the oldest-pitched membranophone. They range from 21-30 in. in diameter.

A

Timpani.

126
Q

Mallet instruments, like the xylophone, marimba, orchestra bells, and chimes are called _______.

A

Idiophones.

127
Q

Non-pitched ___________ include the snare drum, tenor drum, field drum, and tambourine.

A

Membranophones.

128
Q

Non-pitched ________ inclue cymbals, the triangle, and gong.

A

Idiophones.

129
Q

Non-pitched _________ include the whistle, siren, and motor horn.

A

Aerophones.

130
Q

Bowed string are all a tupe of _____. Meaning that they have ______.

A

Lute…necks.

131
Q

All string instruments are _________.

A

Chordophones.

132
Q

The _______ is the soprano voice of the string family. It was invented before 1600, and has a range of 4-and-a-3rd octaves.

A

Violin

133
Q

The ______ is the alto-tenor voice of the string section.

A

Viola.

134
Q

The _____ is the bass voice of the string section.

A

Cello.

135
Q

The ____________ is the lowest bass voice of the string section, and transposes (sounds one 8ve lower than written).

A

Double bass.

136
Q

The four general groups of vocal ranges are:

A
  1. Soprano
  2. Alto
  3. Tenor
  4. Bass
137
Q

The typical human voice is barley _________ octaves.

A

Less than 2.

138
Q

A piano has barely __________ octaves.

A

More than 7 octaves.

139
Q

Scale Names!

A 
Tonic I
Supertonic II
Mediant III
Subdominant IV
Dominant V
Submediant VI
Leading Tine VII
140
Q

Denner and Muller were _________ inventor-developers of the _________.

A

German… Clarinet.

141
Q

MIDI, as used on electric organ, stands for _____________.

A

Musical Instrument Digital Interface.

142
Q

The fortepiano was similar to the __________.

A

Harpsichord.

143
Q

__________________ invented the pianoforte in 1700.

A

Bartolomeo Cristofori.

144
Q

Sebastian Erard developed ______________. This allowed pianists to play notes quickly.

A

Double Escapement Action.

145
Q

Beethoven has a piano that could play ______ than most at the time. This was fortunate due to his _________.

A

Louder… Deafness.

146
Q

Alpheus Babcock invented a ___________ in 1825. This allowed for thick piano strings to be used.

A

Cast-iron frame.

147
Q

The organ used to be a _________________.

A

Wind instrument.

148
Q

Smaller electronic organs used __________. These included the snare drum, high-hate cymbal, brush-struck cymbal, wind chimes tree, and bass drum.

A

Percussive sounds.

149
Q

The ______’s revolutionized the use i electronic music-making. Radio broadcasts of musical performances widely occurred at the same time.

A

1920.

150
Q

The ____________ is the electronic instrument connected to computers that is able to generate various sounds.

A

Synthesizer.

151
Q

A simple subdivision of beat is:

A

Duplets.

152
Q

A compound subdivision of beat is:

A

Triplets.

153
Q

Steps to identifying beat:

A
  1. Listen to the music once.
  2. Listen again, provide big beats with your arm.
  3. Subdivide by thinking “du-ple” or “tri-ple-et”.
154
Q

__________ robbed time, or how the music flows.

A

Rubato.

155
Q

In modulation, a closely related key means the new key has:

A
  1. The same signature.
  2. One more accidental (# or b).
  3. One less accidental (# or b).
156
Q

Distant key usually use ________ or _____________.

A

Phrase… V7 chord modulation.

157
Q

What are the most important parameters in order?

A
  1. Rhythm
  2. Melody
  3. Harmony
158
Q

Rhythm, melody, and harmony are compared to as the three primary colors by ______________.

A

Paul Hindemith.

159
Q

What are other important parameters (besides the most important 3)?

A

Form, dynamics, timbre texture, and pitch.

MUSIC 100 (11 decks)

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