Infection Prevention

Question 1

Chain of infection?

Answer 1

Infectious agent
reservoir
portal of exit
mode of transmission
portal of entry
host

Question 2

Sites that can predispose a patient to infection?

Answer 2

Surgical wounds, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, invasive devices, bloodstream, venipuncture sites, total parenteral nutrition therapy, implanted prosthetic devices

Question 3

Course of infection?

Answer 3

Incubation period
Prodromal stage
Illness stage
Convalescence

Question 4

Incubation period

Answer 4

Between infection and the first symptoms

Question 5

Prodromal stage

Answer 5

Interval from nonspecific signs and symptoms to more specific

Question 6

Illness stage

Answer 6

Manifests signs and symptoms, specific to type of infection

Question 7

Convalescence

Answer 7

Acute symptoms disappear/recovery. It tends to take longer to get rid of respiratory stuff.

Question 8

Difference between specific and nonspecific?

Answer 8

Nonspecific symptoms are more vague, like low fever, fatigue, etc. Specific helps to associate with areas of the body, like vomiting for the GI tract, etc.

Question 9

The infectious process?

Answer 9

Local/Systemic
Primary/Secondary
Acute/Chronic
Colonization
Latent

Question 10

Types of inflammatory exudate?

Answer 10

Serous; clear
Sanguineous; blood
Purulent; pus. Means infection unlike the other two. WBCs and bacteria.

Question 11

Modes of transmission?

Answer 11

Direct, indirect, droplet, airborne, vehicle, vector-borne

Question 12

Direct and indirect transmission?

Answer 12

Direct is direct physical contact. Indirect is infectious agent is deposited onto an object/surface (fomite)

Question 13

Droplet and airborne transmission?

Answer 13

Droplet is coughing, sneezing, or during suctioning. Airborne is droplet nuclei that are suspended in the air the contain organisms.

Question 14

Vehicle and vector-borne transmission?

Answer 14

Vehicle is a single contaminated source spreads the infection. Vector-borne is transmission by insect or animals.

Question 15

Percentage a solution must be alcohol to be effective?

Answer 15

60-90% alcohol solution

Question 16

Local clinical manifestations

Answer 16

Warmth, redness, swelling, pain/tender, movement limitation, open-wound drainage. Only affects the specific site.

Question 17

Systemic clinical manifestations

Answer 17

Temp elevation, fatigue/malaise, nausea/vomiting, high heart rate and respiration, low blood pressure, alterations in LOC. (level of consciousness)

Question 18

First tier of two tier approach to preventing transmission?

Answer 18

Standard precaution, to be used with all patients.

Handwashing, PPE, respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette, sharps containers.

Question 19

Second tier of two tier approach to preventing transmission?

Answer 19

Use with patients with low or suspected of being infected or colonized with infectious agents. Airborne, droplet, contact.

Question 20

Airborne precautions? Used for?

Answer 20

Transmission via exhalation and/or ventilation systems. Private room, negative pressure, mask or respiratory protection device, N-95 respirator, depending on the condition.
Measles, chickenpox, pulmonary/laryngeal TB, H1N1, etc.

Question 21

What’s a negative air flow room?

Answer 21

Negative flow means the air is blowing into the room and being filtered either inside the room or before it exits the building. HEPA filter.

Question 22

Droplet precautions?

Answer 22

Spread via moist droplets. Transmission via coughing, sneezing, touching contaminated objects. Private room or cohort patients, mask or respirator, gowns. Can wear surgical masks

Question 23

Contact precautions

Answer 23

Spread by direct and indirect with patient and their environment. Draingage wounds ,secretions, supplies. Private room, cohort patients, gown and gloves, disposal of contaminated items in a room, dedicated equipment. Everything in the room is considered contaminated.

Question 24

Protective/reverse isolation

Answer 24

Protects the client from organisms. Used with immune-compromised. Private rooms most likely, nurse with active infection not assigned. Mask, hand washing, clean/sterile gown, gloves. Do not reuse gowns and gloves.

Question 25

Nosocomial/health care associated infections?

Answer 25

High health care costs. Leading cause of death. Preventable. Majority of organisms causing them are found in colonized body substances.

Question 26

Iatrogenic

Answer 26

Caused by an invasive procedure or treatment, including medication

Question 27

MRSA and healthcare associated MRSA (HA-MRSA)?

Answer 27

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. Resistant to beta-lactim antibiotics (penicillins). Prevalent in healthcare facilities and those with weakened immune systems. Often mistaken for bug bites or pneumonia.

Question 28

Community-assocaited MRSA/ CA-MRSA?

Answer 28

intact immune systems

Question 29

Main mode of MRSA transmission?

Answer 29

Hands and contact with contaminated objects or skin-to-skin. Standard precaution but implement contact for active infections

Question 30

VRE infection?

Answer 30

Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. Intestinal in origin. Infects blood, urine, wounds. Significant threat to high risk clients. Transmitted on hands, clothing, scopes, countertops, door handles, curtains, etc. Contact isolation

Question 31

C. Diff? Clinical maifestations?

Answer 31

Clostridium difficile. Gram-positive anaerobic bacillus. Watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain/tenderness. Contact precautions. Isolation rooms. Dedicated equipment.

Question 32

Who’s most susceptible to c. diff? Transmission?

Answer 32

Those on a prolonged use of antibiotics, the elderly. Transmitted via HANDS, mouth-mucous membrane, any contaminated surface

Question 33

Assessment of infections? Lab data?

Answer 33

Check for intactness of first lines of defense. Local and systemic symptoms. Specific symptoms.
Lab: WBC 5,000-10,000 per microliter of blood. ESR- presence of inflammation. Culture reports

Question 34

REDA and COCA?

Answer 34

Redness, edema, approximation (how well the wound is closed)

Color, odor, consistency, amount when assessing drainage

Question 35

Difference between medical and surgical asepsis?

Answer 35

Medical uses barrier equipment to prevent transmission from infected patient to self to other patients.
Sterile uses equipment to prevent transmission from self and environment to patient.