Elimination

Question 1

Remove waste from the blood to form urine

Answer 1

Kidneys

Question 2

Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Answer 2

Ureters

Question 3

Urine travels from the bladder and exits through the urethral meatus.

Answer 3

Urethra

Question 4

What is the range of bladder capacity?

Answer 4

600-1000 mL. Adults normally void every 2-4 hours

Question 5

An accumulation of urine due tot he inability of the bladder to empty

Answer 5

urinary retention

Question 6

Results from catheterization or procedure

Answer 6

Urinary tract infection

Question 7

What might be seen when assessing for urinary retention?

Answer 7

Distended abdomen, reports of pressure, restlessness, no UO or scant for hours, bladder scanner

Question 8

CAUTI prevention?

Answer 8

Use aseptic technique with sterile equipment, secure indwelling catheters, maintain closed drainage systems, no obstruction of urine flow, urine bag below the level of the bladder, bag never touches the ground, empty bad hand half full, clean tip with alcohol, perform perineal and catheter care

Question 9

How to care for a catheter?

Answer 9

Keep meatus free of secretions/encrustations, pericarp and cleansing first four in of catheter, every 8 hours or less, after defecation. Maybe chlorhexidine wipes.

Question 10

What are the six different kinds of incontinence?

Answer 10

Transient, functional, chronic, stress, urge or urgency, reflex

Question 11

What factors can influence urination?

Answer 11

Diseases, medications and medical procedures, sociocultural factors, psychological factors, fluid balance.

Question 12

What disease conditions might affect urination?

Answer 12

Renal classification, lower urinary tract conditions, diabetes mellitus and neuromuscular diseases, benign prostatic hyperplasia, cognitive impairments, diseases that slow or hinder physical activity, end-stage real disease (uremic syndrome)

Question 13

Medication causing urinary retention or overflow incontinence
Cause urgency and incontinence
Change the color of urine

Answer 13

Anesthesia
Lasix
pyridium

Question 14

Care for older adults as far as urinary goes?

Answer 14

Offer toileting every 2 hours. Encourage to empty bladder before and after meals and at bedtime. Encourage to increase fluid intake 6-8 glasses a day unless contraindicated.

Question 15

Assessments for kidneys?

Answer 15

Assess hydration, looking at the skin and mucosal membranes.
Flank pain may occur with infection or inflammation, kidneys.
Distended bladder rises above symphysis pubis.
Observe urethral meatus for discharge, inflammation, and lesions.

Question 16

What to assess for with urine?

Answer 16

Intake, output.

Collection must be random sample, clean catch, sterile, timed.

Question 17

Examples of urinary nursing problems?

Answer 17

Urinary incontinence: functional, stress, urge. Risk for infection, toiling self-care deficit, impaired skin integrity, impaired urinary elimination, urinary retention

Question 18

How can one stimulate the voiding reflex?

Answer 18

Maintaining elimination habits, maintaining adequate fluid intake, promoting complete bladder emptying, preventing infections

Question 19

What can improve bladder emptying?

Answer 19

Parasympathetic stimulation of the detrusor muscle

Cholinergic drugs increase bladder contraction and improve emptying

Question 20

Restorative care for the urinary system?

Answer 20

Strengthening pelvic floor muscles, bladder retraining, habit training, self-catheterization, maintenance of skin integrity, promotion of comfort

Question 21

What are indications for dialysis?

Answer 21

Renal failure that can no longer be controlled by conservative management. Worsening of uremic syndrome associated with end-sage renal disease(ESRD). Severe electrolyte and/or fluid abnormalities the cannot be controlled by simpler measures.

Question 22

A symptom, not a disease; infrequent stool and/or hard, dry, small stools that are difficult to eliminate.

Answer 22

Constipation

Question 23

An increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces.

Answer 23

Diarrhea

Question 24

Dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum

Answer 24

Hemorrhoids

Question 25

Results from unrelieved constipation; a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum so that a person cannot expel

Answer 25

Impaction

Question 26

Temporary or permanent artificial opening in the bowel wall.

Surgical opening in the ileum or colon

Answer 26

Stoma

Ileostomy or colostomy

Question 27

What are examples of bowel nursing diagnoses?

Answer 27

Disturbed body image, bowel incontinence, constipation, perceived constipation, risk for constipation, diarrhea, nausea, deficit knowledge of nutrition