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Bio > Chapter 4 BIO > Flashcards

Chapter 4 BIO Flashcards

1
Q

Primary tissues?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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2
Q

Tissues

A

A group of cells that are similar in structure and oer

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3
Q

Four basic types of tissues are

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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4
Q

Linings for protection, coordination, synthesis, absorption, elimination

A

Epithelial

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5
Q

Supportive or structure tissue

A

Connective

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6
Q

For movement

Highly specialized connective tissue

A

Muscle tissue

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7
Q

For control and coordination

Highly specialized epithelial tissue

A

Nervous tissue

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8
Q

Cells performing a related function

A

Tissues

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9
Q

Lining or covering of organs

A

Epithelial

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10
Q

Protein and tissue

A

Connective

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11
Q

Tissues are classified by

A

Number of cell layers

Cell shape for

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12
Q

Simple layer

A

One layer

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13
Q

Stratified layer

A

More than one layer

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14
Q

Pseudostratified epithelial

A

Single layer of cells of varying heights

Each cell touches the basement membrane

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15
Q

Shapes of cells

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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16
Q

Glandular epithelial tissue

A

Secretion
One or a group of cells

Exocrine gland
Endocrine gland

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17
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Ducts lead to body surfaces.

Sweat glands, salivary glands are synthesized and stored for release then decreased into the duct system

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18
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Are ductless
Hormones are synthesized/stored for release, then secreted into the tissue fluid and diffused into blood stream.
Thyroid/parathyroid glands

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19
Q

Unicellular glands

A

Exocrine
Single cell glands
Goblet cells

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20
Q

Sebaceous glands produce and are a

A

Sebum which is oil

Are an exocrine gland

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21
Q

Gland Secreted directly into blood stream

A

Endocrine

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22
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial

A

Goblet cells

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23
Q

Goblet cells

A

Exocrine glands
Mucus
In your digestive tract(not stomach)/respiratory tract

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24
Q

Exocrine glands multicellular and

A

Simple glands
Compound glands
Merocrine glands
Holocrine glands

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25
Q

Simple glands

A

Exocrine multicellular

Have single duct

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26
Q

Compound glands

A

Exocrine multicellular

Have branched ducts

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27
Q

Merocrine glands

A

Exocytosis

Going from inside out through secretory vesicles

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28
Q

Holocrine gland

A

Forms secretory material and bursts
Gland looks hollow
Active when hallow

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29
Q

Connective tissue characteristics

A

1) Cells, Extracellular Matrix
2) Embryological origin
3) inverted and vascular

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30
Q

connective tissue examples

A

Bone
Cartilage
Blood
Connective tissue proper (matrix)

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31
Q

Cells in connective tissue

A

Fewer rarely touching surrounded by matrix

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32
Q

Cells in the body always have what around them

A

Supporting material

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33
Q

What does the matrix have in it

A

Proteins lipids and nutrients for the main cells to feed off of

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34
Q 
Out of 
Bone
Cartilage 
Connective tissue proper 
Blood 
Which one is different
A

Blood, because it’s cells floating around and doesn’t give support

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35
Q

Chondro

A

Cartilage

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36
Q

Osteo

A

Bone

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37
Q

Fibro

A

Connective

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38
Q

Why is blood in the category of connective tissue

A

Because it come from the embryological origin of the meisoderm

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39
Q

Three layers of tissue in embryologic origin

A

Exctoderm
Meisoderm
Endoderm

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40
Q

Exctoderm turns into

A

Brain
Nervous system
Spinal chord

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41
Q

Mesioderm turns into

A

Everything connective tissue

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42
Q

Endoderm turns into

A

Your hallow gut

Internal organs

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43
Q

Extra cellular matrix is made up of

A

Ground substance (gelatinous glycoproteins)
Structural fibers
(Proteins, collagen, elastin, reticulum)

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44
Q

Which connective tissue isn’t vascular

A

Cartilage

I capillary beds

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45
Q

Vascular

A

Direct blood supply

46
Q

What does the ground substance do in connective tissue matrix

A

Supports cells, binds them
May be solid fluid or gel
Interstitial fluid
Glycoproteins called proteoglycans

47
Q

Matrix is hard where

A

In bone

48
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Matrix

In between tissue

49
Q

Which protein in the matrix of connective tissue looks like a bottle brush

A

Glycoproteins called proteoglycan

50
Q

Glycoproteins called proteoglycan is made up

A

Individual bristle are made up of chondroitin being held together by hyaluronic acid

51
Q

Hyaluronic acids

A

Sugar Makes up proteoglycan

Gelatinous, separates cells, traps extracellular fluid, lubricates joints, filler

52
Q

Chondroitin sulfate

A 
Make up proteoglycan Can be mineralized 
Protein Is found in Improves Cartilage 
Bones 
Skin 
Blood vessels
53
Q

Dermatin sulfate

A

Harder protein
Is found in Skin, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves
Make up proteoglycan

54
Q

Keratin sulfate

A 
Make up proteoglycan 
Still harder 
Bone, cartilage, cornea of eyes 
Water proofing protein 
Pg 142
55
Q

Stratified squamous has an extra layer in some areas of? Why

A

Keratin protein to help water proof

56
Q

What fibers are embedded in the ground substance of the matrix and what do they do

A

Protein fibers

Used for structural support, adhesion, and to connect to cells

57
Q

Fibers that provide strength and support

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

58
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Big rope
Polymerized, gigantic molecules.
Tough and flexible

59
Q

Collagen fibers are found where in the body

A

Bone
Cartilage
Tendons
Ligaments

60
Q

Protein collagen has what kind of fibers

A

Parallel bundle fibers

61
Q

Elastic fibers

A 
Branched smaller and thinner than collagen 
Very flexible but also strong 
Require special stains to be seen
Can be stretched 150% 
Found in cartilage ear lobe
62
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Thin, less polymerized collagen fibers
Require special stains to be seen
Network of fibers like mesh
Support area

63
Q

Polymerized

A

Chemical reaction where two or more molecules combine forming larger molecules

64
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

65
Q

Three main components of the structural matrix of connective tissue

A

Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Reticular fibers

66
Q

Reticular fibers are_____ is blank compared to elastic and _____ to collagen

A

More sturdy than elastic but not as strong as collagen

67
Q

Connective tissue diseases

A

May involve the joints
Primarily affect other organs
The immune system seems to be activated

68
Q

Marfan tissue has to do with what tissue

A

Connective tissue

Extra elasticity

69
Q

Nervous tissue is

A

Highly specialized epithelial cells

70
Q

Nervous tissues convert what

A

Stimuli into electrochemical signals for transfer of information

71
Q

All nerves for now look like

A

A hand
palm-cell body
Fingers- dendrites (highly branched/carry incoming signal)
Forarm-axon (long, usually one strand/carry outgoing signal)

72
Q

Muscle types

A

Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth

73
Q

Muscle tissue has a

A

High degree of cellularity
Contain contractile proteins
Well vascularized
Special type of connective tissue

74
Q

Striated muscle tissue

A

Skeletal and cardiac

75
Q

Skeletal muscle

A 
Attached to bones 
Mulitnucleate 
Voluntary
Fibers are parallel and cylindrical
Look like sausage 
Has striations
76
Q

Cardiac muscle

A 
Most of the heart wall
Single nucleus normally 
Involuntary 
Branched cylinders connected by intercalated 
Sushi crab and purple tic tacs 
Has striations and branches inbetween
77
Q

Branches inbetween cardiac muscle called

A

Intercalated discs

Only in cardiac muscle

78
Q

Intercalated discs do what

A

Make sure that each fiber in the cardiac muscles contracts at the same time

79
Q

Non striated muscle

A

Smooth muscle

80
Q

Smooth muscle is

A 
Located In the walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, digestive tract, airways, bladder) 
Involuntary 
Single nucleus 
Spindle shaped 
No striations
81
Q

Epithelium membranes

A

A particular epithelium membrane and it’s under connective tissue support
In the skin and trachea

82
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin

83
Q

Pleura

A

Lungs

84
Q

Pericardium

A

Heart

85
Q

Peritoneum

A

Abdominal

86
Q

Visceral

A

Closer to the surface

87
Q

Parietal

A

Further away from the surface

88
Q

Serous membrane

A

Line closed body cavities and their organs

89
Q

Tissue injury and repair

A

Signs of it
Inflammation
Organization restores blood supply
Regeneration and fibrosis

90
Q

Inflammation

A 
Redness 
Swelling 
Heat 
Pain 
Loss of function 
(Not all of them)
91
Q

Organization restores blood supply

A

Blood clot replaced by granulated tissue

92
Q

Regeneration and fibrosis

A

Epithelium regenerates

Fibrous connective tissue matures and contracts

93
Q

Can you have inflammation without bleeding

A

Yes

94
Q

Inflammation

A

Blood vessels dilating in that area and causing a rush of fluid platelets and white blood cells

95
Q

What is vasodilation

A

Inflammation

Blood vessels dilated

96
Q

Fluid and platelets are sent to what

A

Kill and close and injury to tissue

97
Q

Granulated tissue is

A

Scar tissue

98
Q

Scar tissue eventually

A

Regenerates and makes fibrotic connections

99
Q

Is scar tissue stronger or weaker than original

A

Weaker because it doesn’t have the same functions of elasticity and flexibility as the original tissue
Think whiplash
Can’t move neck the same/prone to disc issues

100
Q

What happens to cells during development

A

Some cells loose their ability to divide with specialization
Son cells maintain the ability to replace

101
Q

Cells that maintain the ability to replace others

A

Stem cells

Tissue repair

102
Q

Stems cells

A

Immature undifferentiated cells. Hide in protected areas in skin/gi tract to replace cells.

103
Q

Tissue repair

A

New cells come from parenchyma (functioning portion) or stroma (connective tissue)

104
Q

If parenchyma cell proliferate then..??

A

Repair is nearly complete; if not, then we get scar tissue formation

105
Q

What conditions affect repair

A

Nutrition
Blood circulation
Age

106
Q

How does nutrition affect repair in the body

A

Adequate protein in the diet for repair

Necessary vitamins and other nutrients

107
Q

How does Blood circulation affect repair

A

Transports oxygen, nutrients, antibodies and other defensive molecules and cells to the site.
White blood cells remove debris that would otherwise interfere with healing

108
Q

How does age affect repair

A

Young people heal faster and have less obvious scars. Have better nutritional status, blood supply and higher metabolism.

109
Q

epithelial tissue characteristics

A 
Cellularity 
Polarity
Specialized contacts- tight junctions and desmosomes
Supported by connective tissue 
Innervated but avascular 
Regeneration
110
Q

Cellularity in epithelial tissue

A

Densely packed

111
Q

Polarity in epithelial tissue

A

Apical surface

Basal surface

112
Q

How is the epithelial tissue supported by connective tissue

A 
Basal lamina (epithelial glue)
Reticular lamina (connective tissue glue)
Basement membrane- basal and reticular lamina together

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