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Biology 093 > Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Flashcards

1
Q

What is DNA a chain of?

A

Nucleotides.

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2
Q

What do all nucleotides have?

A

Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen base.

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3
Q

What are the purine bases?

A

Guanine and Adenine.

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4
Q

How many rings do purine bases have?

A

2.

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5
Q

What do pyrimidines have?

A

A single ring nitrogenous base.

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6
Q

What are the single ring nitrogenous bases?

A

Cytosine and Thymine.

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7
Q

Describe the backbone of a strand.

A

One nucleotide connect to the other by phosphate groups. Sticking out of the sugar group is a nitrogenous base.

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8
Q

What bases bond together?

A

Adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine.

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9
Q

How do the bases bond together?

A

Hydrogen bonds.

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10
Q

What is the corresponding strand to CGGTACATG?

A

GCCATGTAC.

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11
Q

Describe the 2 strands.

A

Anti parallel, many thousands of nucleotides in length, form a double helix structure.

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12
Q

What is helicase?

A

The enzyme that unzips double stranded DNA.

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13
Q

What is polymerase?

A

An enzyme that fits complementary DNA nucleotides to complimentary bases on loose single strands.

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14
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

The process of copying one DNA double helix into two identical double helices.

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15
Q

What is DNA ligase?

A

Enzyme that seals any breaks in sugar phosphate backbones and ensure two new double helix molecules are identical to original.

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16
Q

What does each daughter DNA molecule consist of?

A

One new chain of nucleotides and one from the parent DNA molecule.

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17
Q

Will the two daughter DNA molecules be identical to the parent molecule?

A

Yes.

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18
Q

What is RNA?

A

A single stranded molecule that has 3 of the same nucleotides as DNA. (Adenine, guanine, and cytosine) but has Uracil instead of thymine.

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19
Q

What does RNA do?

A

Help DNA produce proteins.

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20
Q

Describe mRNA.

A

(Messenger RNA), produced in the nucleus, a section of DNA serves as a template to create a particular mRNA. Call this transcription.

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21
Q

What does RNA polymerase do?

A

Binds to a special sequence of DNA nucleotides in double helix.

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22
Q

What is the special sequence of DNA called?

A

A promoter.

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23
Q

What do RNA polymerase and the promoter do?

A

Cause a section of DNA double helix to open.

24
Q

After opening the double helix of DNA what does RNA polymerase do?

A

Helps with complementary pairing of the RNA nucleotides to the DNA nucleotides.

25
Q

What is an intron?

A

Intragene segments that will be cut off/eliminated. Parts that wont become ultimate mRNA.

26
Q

What is an exon?

A

RNA nucleotides that remain and will be expressed. It is necessary to splice the exon parts together after introns are removed.

27
Q

Describe the structure of the mRNA.

A

Cap at one end, Poly A tail at the other.

28
Q

Describe tRNA.

A

Produced in the nucleus from DNA. 3 of the nucleotides are the anticodon. Specific tRNA types link with a specific amino acid.

29
Q

What do tRNA’s do with the amino acids?

A

Bring them to ribosomes to make proteins.

30
Q

Describe rRNA.

A

Produced in the nucleolus of nucleus, use section of DNA located there to make a strand. Goes to the cytoplasm and combines with proteins and other rRNA molecules.

31
Q

What makes a ribosome?

A

Many proteins and several rRNA strands combination.

32
Q

What is the structure of a ribosome?

A

Large and small subunit.

33
Q

What does the combination of rRNA and proteins provide for ribosome?

A

A site for mRNA to go and conduct protein synthesis.

34
Q

How does mRNA feed through the ribosome?

A

A channel. It also makes it possible for mRNA and tRNA to meet.

35
Q

Briefly, what is translation?

A

When the mRNA is read by every 3 nucleotides when going through ribosome.

36
Q

What does the sequence of nucleotides on mRNA determine?

A

Amino acid sequence.

37
Q

What is a codon?

A

The triplet code.

38
Q

What is initiation?

A

When translation components come together.

39
Q

What is always the first codon on mRNA?

A

AUG.

40
Q

What does the first tRNA bind to?

A

Large subunit of ribosome.

41
Q

What happens after first binding of tRNA?

A

Second tRNA comes with its matching anticodon and associated amino acid.

42
Q

What does the start amino acid do?

A

Makes a peptide bond with second amino acid.

43
Q

Why does a peptide bond occur during protein synthesis?

A

Because large subunit is a catalytic site.

44
Q

What happens after peptide bond formation between 2 amino acids?

A

First, tRNA now released, mRNA moves forward… next codon of mRNA waits to match corresponding anticodon of tRNA and associated amino acid.

45
Q

3rd part of protein synthesis?

A

Peptide bond between 2nd and 3rd amino acid. tRNA of 2nd amino acid released and mRNA moves forward. Creates a peptide chain or protein and process continues until a stop codon is reached.

46
Q

What does elongation have to do with?

A

The process of building up polypeptide chain one amino acid at a time.

47
Q

What happens after stop codon?

A

Peptide chain is released into cytoplasm.

48
Q

What happens after protein synthesis is over?

A

Polypeptide goes off and assumes 3D shape in cytoplasm and mRNA is released. Ribosomal subunits then disassociate.

49
Q

What is a gene mutation?

A

A permanent change in the sequence of bases in DNA. The effect can range from none to complete inactivity of the protein.

50
Q

What can mutations lead to?

A

Cancer.

51
Q

What are mutagens?

A

Environmental influences that can cause mutations.

52
Q

What is a transposon?

A

Jumping genes; specific DNA sequences that move within and between chromosomes.

53
Q

What are point mutations?

A

Involve a change in a single DNA nucleotide.

54
Q

What are possible outcomes of point mutations?

A

May cause change in specific amino acid,
May have no effect at all
May produce an abnormal and/or incomplete protein.

55
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

One or more nucleotides are either inserted or deleted from DNA.

56
Q

What are some outcomes of a frameshift mutation?

A

Cause a premature stop codon
Result in a non-sense codon sequence
It becomes an incomplete/non-functional protein.

57
Q

Describe characteristics of cancer cells.

A

Cancer cells are genetically unstable.

Biology 093 (27 decks)

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