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Biology 093 > Mid term focused questions > Flashcards

Mid term focused questions Flashcards

1
Q

Is a pH of 10 acidic or basic?

A

Basic.

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2
Q

Is a pH of 3 acidic or basic?

A

Acidic.

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3
Q

What are 2 differences between DNA and RNA?

A

RNA has uracil and DNA has thymine, DNA is a two stranded double helix and RNA is single stranded.

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4
Q

Describe a proton.

A

Positively charged, in the nucleus. Have an atomic mass of 1. Atomic mass refers to protons.

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5
Q

Describe an electron.

A

Negatively charged, away from the nucleus in the shell. Capture and release energy.

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6
Q

Describe a neutron.

A

No charge, in the nucleus. Have an atomic mass of 1. Isotopes refer to neutrons.

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7
Q

Describe carbohydrates.

A

Quick fuel and short energy storage, Monomers that are one molecule are called monosaccharides, usually 3-7 carbons in size.

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8
Q

Describe proteins.

A

They are polymers made up of amino acid monomers. Lots of different types like; enzymes, hemoglobin, actin in muscles, hormones, antibodies.

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9
Q

Describe lipids.

A

Contain most energy of biological molecules, they are hydrophobic. Different forms can be: fats, oils, phospholipids and steroids.

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10
Q

Describe nucleic acids.

A

DNA, RNA, nucleotides are the monomers of DNA and RNA. DNA nucleotide specifically is: the sugar deoxyribose, phosphate group and nitrogenous base. RNA nucleotide specifically is: A ribose sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous bases.

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11
Q

What links peptide bonds?

A

Proteins.

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12
Q

Describe an enzyme.

A

Typically proteins that function as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions. They don’t get used up and can be used multiple times.

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13
Q

When do hydrogen bonds occur?

A

Between nitrogenous bases in DNA.

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14
Q

When does dehydration synthesis occur?

A

Joining of two molecules together, by removing water.

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15
Q

When does hydrolysis occur?

A

Breaking of molecules in waters like acids, bases, and salts.

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16
Q

Describe isotonic solution.

A

The solute concentration is equal inside and outside of the cell.

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17
Q

Describe hypertonic solution.

A

A solution has a higher solute concentration than the inside of the cell.

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18
Q

Describe hypotonic solution.

A

A solution has a lower solute concentration than the inside of the cell.

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19
Q

Are humans prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes.

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20
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

A

Prokaryotes lack membrane bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles.

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21
Q

What are all the ways things can move in and out of the cell?

A

Diffusion, facilitated transport, active transport, exocytosis, and endocytosis.

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22
Q

Which passage of molecules into and out of the cell do NOT require energy?

A

Diffusion, facilitated transport.

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23
Q

What passage of molecules into and out of the cell do require energy?

A

Active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis.

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24
Q

Describe grana and stroma.

A

Belongs to plant cells; grana are stacks of thylakoids, stroma is the fluid filled space bounded by double membranes.

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25
Q

What are the types of endergonic reactions? (Endocytosis).

A

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis.

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26
Q

Explain Phagocytosis.

A

Large, particulate matter such as “food” molecules, viruses or whole cells.

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27
Q

Explain Pinocytosis.

A

Liquids and small particles dissolved in liquid.

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28
Q

Explain receptor mediated endocytosis.

A

A type of pinocytosis that involves a coated pit.

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29
Q

What stage of respiration has FAD becoming FADH2?

A

Citric acid cycle.

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30
Q

At what stage does a two carbon sized molecule link with coenzyme A and become Acetyl-CoA?

A

Preparatory stage.

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31
Q

What stage will NADH + H+ will become oxidized to NAD?

A

Electron transport chain.

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32
Q

By far, the most ATP generated occurs at what stage?

A

Electron transport chain.

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33
Q

At what stage does a 2 carbon sized molecule join with a four carbon molecule. The two carbon molecules get used up as CO2 and NADH is made.

A

Citric acid cycle.

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34
Q

What stage do all carbons from the original glucose molecule are now gone?

A

Electron transport chain.

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35
Q

During what stage is there a buildup of H+ in the intermembrane space?

A

Electron transport chain.

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36
Q

The anaerobic process of cell respiration can occur after this stage is completed.

A

Glycolysis.

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37
Q

What stage are electrons going to a lower energy level?

A

Electron transport chain.

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38
Q

What are the 4 phases of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, preparatory reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain.

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39
Q

Describe glycolysis.

A

Breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate, causes removal of electrons and H+ and provides energy for 2 ATP. Break down 6 glucose into: 2 G3P molecules, cost of 2 ATP to ADP. G3P molecules have a phosphate group attached.

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40
Q

Describe Preparatory reaction.

A

Pyruvates move into cristae of mitochondria, each pyruvate reacts and links to a coenzyme A molecule. During this, each pyruvate loses a CO2 molecule. Occurs twice, two NADH molecules are made.

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41
Q

Describe Citric acid cycle.

A

Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that produce one ATP and carbon dioxide per turn. Each cirtic acid loses two carbons, get an ATP and FADH2 and 3 NADH.

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42
Q

Describe electron transport chain.

A

Series of electron carrier . Occurs in the cristae of mitochondria. All of the NADH produced at glycolysis, prep reaction, and citric acid cycle. FADH2 becomes FAD, NADH becomes NAD+.

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43
Q

Describe free energy.

A

The amount of energy available to do work.

44
Q

Describe activation energy.

A

Energy that must be adde to cause reactants to react with each other. (Such as you need a match to start wood burning).

45
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

Chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons (loss or gain).

46
Q

What is a coupled reaction?

A

When the energy released from an exergonic reaction is used to fuel an endergonic reaction.

47
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Returning excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream
Absorbing fats from the digestive system and transporting them to the bloodstream
Defending the body against disease.

48
Q

What forms a one way system that begins with lymphatic capillaries?

A

Lymphatic vessels.

49
Q

What are small close ended vessels with thin walls?

A

Lymphatic capillaries.

50
Q

What do lymphatic capillaries do?

A

Absorb excess tissue fluid, return fluid inside called lymph to the bloodstream.

51
Q

What is edema?

A

Localized swelling caused by accumulation of fluids in the tissues. Too much fluid is being produced and not enough is being drained.

52
Q

Where does lymph enter the body?

A

Thoracic duct.

53
Q

What are some primary lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus, red bone marrow

54
Q

What are some secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen, lymph nodes.

55
Q

What is the mitotic stage?

A

When the cell undergoes division.

56
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Division of the nucleus.

57
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of the cytoplasm.

58
Q

Describe prophase.

A

Nuclear membrane disappears, centrosomes migrate, spindle fibres appear. Chromatin condenses and chromosomes become visible. Chromosomes have no particular orientation.

59
Q

Describe prometaphase.

A

Centromeres attach to spindle fibres, centrosomes migrate to either end.

60
Q

Describe metaphase.

A

Spindle fully forms and consists of poles, asters and fibres. Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate.

61
Q

Describe anaphase.

A

Centromeres divide and sister chromatids are moved to opposite poles by fibres.

62
Q

Describe telophase.

A

Nuclear membrane reforms, spindle disappears, cytokinesis occurs, chromosomes become more diffuse again. Nucleolus appears in each daughter nucleus.

63
Q

What stage does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase 1.

64
Q

Describe a dominant allele.

A

Represented by a capital letter, the allele that masks the expression of the alternate allele when both are present in an organism.

65
Q

Describe a recessive allele.

A

Represented by a lowercase letter, over-rode by dominant allele.

66
Q

Describe incomplete dominance.

A

Occurs when the heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygotes. (Curly haired and straight haired person will have a wavy haired child).

67
Q

Describe co-dominance.

A

Occurs when alleles are equally expressed in a heterozygote. (Chickens with both white and black feathers).

68
Q

What does the immune system do?

A

Protects body from pathogens, toxins and threats.

69
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Adaptive and innate.

70
Q

Describe the differences between adaptive and innate immunity.

A

Innate immunity: able to fight threats without without previous exposure.
Adaptive immunity: initiated from previous exposure.

71
Q

What does innate immunity use?

A

Barriers, inflammatory response, and cell types.

72
Q

What is a physical barrier?

A

Skin, mucus coverings.

73
Q

What is a chemical barrier?

A

Sweat, stomach acid.

74
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Release cytokines to signal other cells to act.

75
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

A macrophage that releases pus.

76
Q

What is an interferon?

A

Proteins produced by cells that have been infected by viruses. They bind to receptors of non-infected cells. Stop viral replication.

77
Q

What do antigens have to do with? Innate or adaptive?

A

Adaptive.

78
Q

What do B and T cells do and how are they related?

A

B cells make the Y shaped antibodies that recognize and bind to antigen surface. T cells help B cells make antibodies and inactivate pathogen.

79
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Person alone produces immune response.

80
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Person received antibodies or cells from another individual.

81
Q

Describe spermatogenesis.

A

Occurs in the testes of males.
Start with primary spermatocyte, Meiosis 1 occurs, results in 2 secondary spermatocytes. Meiosis 2 occurs and you end up with 4 spermatids which then mature into sperm.

82
Q

Describe oogenesis.

A

Begins in the fetus, then resumes at puberty and occurs every menstrual cycle.
Start with primary oocyte, divides in meiosis 1 to produce one secondary oocyte and one polar body. If secondary oocyte is fertilized, meiosis 2 will occur. Second polar body can form, but if not fertilized, secondary oocyte will disintegrate.

83
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death, decreases number of cells that have aged and no longer function well. It is important in the prevention of cancer.

84
Q

How many rings do purines have?

A

2.

85
Q

How many rings do pyrimidines have?

A

1.

86
Q

How are nitrogenous bases connected?

A

Hydrogen bonds.

87
Q

What does DNA helicase do?

A

Unzips double stranded DNA.

88
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Fits complementary DNA nucleotides to complimentary bases on loose strands.

89
Q

What does DNA ligase do?

A

Seals any breaks in sugar phosphate back bones, ensures new double helix molecules are identical to original.

90
Q

Describe mRNA.

A

Produced in the nucleus, section of DNA is used as a template to produce mRNA: transcription.

91
Q

What is an intron?

A

Intragene segments.

92
Q

What is an exon?

A

RNA nucleotides that remain and will be expressed.

93
Q

Describe tRNA.

A

Produced in nucleus, 3 of the nucleotides are the anticodon.

94
Q

Describe rRNA.

A

Produced in nucleolus, use section of DNA to make a strand, goes to cytoplasm, combines with proteins and other rRNA molecules.

95
Q

What is the difference between carrier and channel proteins?

A

Carrier protein: selectively interacts with specific molecule or ion so that it can cross the plasma membrane.
Channel protein: allows a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasma membrane freely.

96
Q

Describe crossing over.

A

Chromatids homologous chromosomes exchange pieces of DNA with each other. Resulting chromosomes have sister chromatids that are no longer identical.

97
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons.

98
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of electrons.

99
Q

Describe chemiosmosis.

A

The movement of H+ across a semi permeable membrane instead of water, energy released is used to make ATP.

100
Q

What is a centromere?

A

What holds two sister chromosomes together.

101
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Condensed chromatin, holds DNA.

102
Q

What is a locus?

A

The location of a gene on a chromosome.

103
Q

What looks like a clover?

A

tRNA.

104
Q

What are mutagens?

A

Environmental influences that can cause mutations.

105
Q

What is a transposon?

A

Jumping genes.

106
Q

What are the purine bases?

A

Adenine and Guanine.

107
Q

What are the pyrimidine bases?

A

Thymine and Cytosine.

Biology 093 (27 decks)

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