Electrolytes

Question 1

Increased osmolality is sensed by the ______ and ______ is secreted.

Answer 1

Hypothalamus, ADH

Question 2

_____ follows _____

and

_____ follows _____

Answer 2

H2O, Na+

Cl-, Na+

Question 3

Osmolality definition

Answer 3

Concentration of solute (in millimoles) per kg solvent

Question 4

What is the osmol gap?

Answer 4

Difference between measured osmolality and calculated osmolality

Question 5

Increases in osmolality turn on the _____ mechanism.

Answer 5

Thirst

Question 5

Osmolarity

Answer 5

Old term. mOsm/Liter.

Not appropriate for urine specimens or serum with lipidemia, hyperproteinemia, and large amts of EtOH

Question 6

Specimens fir testing osmolality

Answer 6

Serum or urine

Question 7

If the pt has a serum osmolality&raquo_space; _______ mOsm/kg then they have a poor prognosis.

Answer 7

40

Question 8

An increased osmolality may indicate

Answer 8

Ingestion of poison, ethylene glycol, methanol or isopropanol

Question 9

There is usually ______ mEq/L of anions or cations

Answer 9

154

Question 10

mEq/L is equivalent to:

Answer 10

mmol/L

Question 11

Anion gap reference range

Answer 11

10-17 mEq/L

Question 12

The formula for calculating anion gap is…

Answer 12

[Na + K] - [Cl + HCO3]

Question 13

Electrolytes maintain… (Three things)

Answer 13

pH
Osmotic Pressure
Proper heart and muscle function

Question 14

Electrolytes act in _______ reactions.

Electrolytes act as _______ in enzyme reactions

Answer 14

Oxidation Reduction

Cofactors in enzyme reactions

Question 15

These three things may lead to abnormal electrolyte loss

Answer 15

Vomiting
Diarrhea
Perspiration

Question 16

Major cations in ECF

Answer 16

Na+ and K+

Question 17

Major anions in ECF

Answer 17

Cl- HCO3-

Question 18

Most abundant mineral in the body

Answer 18

Calcium

Question 19

40 percent of plasma or serum calcium is bound to

Answer 19

Plasma proteins (esp albumin)

Question 20

98 percent of body’s calcium is in

Answer 20

Bones

Question 21

45 percent of plasma/serum calcium is

Answer 21

Free or ionized

Question 22

Only _____ calcium is physiologically active.

Answer 22

Ionized

Question 23

There is ______ ionized calcium at acid pH.

Answer 23

More

Question 24

3 Forms of plasma or serum Calcium

Answer 24

Free or ionized
Complexed with anions, esp phosphate and citrate
Bound to plasma proteins, esp Albumin

Question 25

Calcium is involved in the formation, maintenance, and repair of _____.

Answer 25

Bone

Question 26

Where is calcium absorbed?

Answer 26

Small intestine, mostly jejunum.

Question 27

This hormone functions when there is a decrease in Ca++

Answer 27

PTH

Question 28

PTH mobilizes calcium from

Answer 28

Bones

Question 29

Major cations

Answer 29

Na+ K+ Ca++

Question 30

Renal perfusion pressure is detected by ______.

Answer 30

Stretch receptors in vasculature.