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AQA GCSE - Physics > 1.5 Waves > Flashcards

1.5 Waves Flashcards

1
Q

What are two types that a wave can be categorised by?

A

Transverse

Longitudinal

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2
Q

Describe the properties of a transverse wave

A

The direction of oscillation is perpendicular to the propagation of the energy of the wave

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3
Q

What shape is a transverse wave?

A

S on it’s side

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4
Q

Describe the properties of a longitudinal wave

A

The direction of oscillation is parallel to the propagation of energy of the wave

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5
Q

What shape is a longitudinal wave?

A

Looks like a spring

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6
Q

What is the frequency of a wave?

A

How many waves per second

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7
Q

In longitudinal waves what is rarefaction?

A

When the waves are spaced out

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8
Q

In longitudinal waves what is compression?

A

Where the waves are close together

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9
Q

Give an example of transverse waves

A

The electromagnetic waves

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10
Q

Give an example of longitudinal waves

A

Sound waves

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11
Q

What waves can be transverse or longitudinal?

A

Mechanical waves

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12
Q

What do waves do?

A

Transfer energy

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13
Q

What waves are in the electromagnetic spectrum from low frequency to high frequency?

A 
Radio-waves
Microwaves
Infrared radiation 
Visible light
Ultra violet 
X-rays
Gamma rays
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14
Q

What properties does the left side of the spectrum have (Radio-waves)

A

Low frequency
Long wave length
Low energy
Least penetrating

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15
Q

What properties does the right side of the spectrum have (Gamma rays)

A

High frequency
Short wave length
High energy
Most penetrating

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16
Q

What is wave speed?

A

300,000,000 m/s

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17
Q

Give an example of a use for radiowaves

A

TV

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18
Q

Give an example of a use for microwaves

A

Mobile phone

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19
Q

Give an example of a use for infrared radiation

A

Heater

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20
Q

Give an example of a use for ultraviolet

A

Identifying money

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21
Q

Give an example of a use for x-rays

A

Finding broken bones

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22
Q

What is frequency measured in?

A

Hertz (Hz)

23
Q

What is refraction?

A

The direction when sound or light waves pass across a boundary of two substances

24
Q

Why do the waves change direction in refraction?

A

The two substances will have different densities causing the speed to change

25
Q

What acronym help remember the changes in the waves when refracted?

A 
TAGAGA
Towards (the normal)
Air to glass
Away (from the normal)
Glass to air
26
Q

If the wave is travelling along the normal in refraction what happens?

A

The wave will not change direction

27
Q

How do different waves lengths affect refraction? Specifically visible light?

A

They are refracted differently
Violet - refracted the most
Red - refracted the least

28
Q

What is diffraction?

A

The spreading of waves through a gap or round an obstacle

29
Q

What does the extent of the spreading of the wave in diffraction depend on?

A

The width of the gap compared with the wavelength

30
Q

What happens if a gap is similar to the wavelength in diffraction?

A

The wavelength is spread a lot (big waves out the other side)

31
Q

What happens is the gap is a lot bigger than the wavelength in diffraction?

A

The wavelength is spread very little

Small waves out the other side

32
Q

How can people in hilly areas be affected in terms of diffraction?

A

Signals may be blocked by a hill because they may not diffract enough around a hill

33
Q

What is the normal in reflection?

A

An imaginary line perpendicular to a mirror

34
Q

What is the angle of incidence?

A

The angle between the incoming ray and the normal

35
Q

What is the angle of reflection?

A

The angle between the reflected ray and the normal

36
Q

What is the link between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection?

A

They are the same size

37
Q

How do smooth surfaces affect reflection?

A

Strong echoes for sound

Strong line of light in mirrors

38
Q

How do rough surfaces affect reflection?

A

Scatter sound and light in all directions

But they still follow the angle rules

39
Q

What is sound?

A

Vibrations in a medium detected as sound

40
Q

What can sound travel through?

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas

Not a vacuum

41
Q

What is pitch of sound determined by?

A

Frequency and amplitude

42
Q

What are reflections of sound?

A

Echoes

43
Q

What is the big bang theory?

A

A small singularity where everything was densely packed
For an unknown reason it exploded and released elements and matter
Around 13.7 billion years ago

44
Q

What is the doppler effect?

A

The perceived change in wave length due to the motion and the observer

45
Q

When the sources moves towards the observer what happens in the doppler effect?

A

Frequency increases

Wavelength decreases

46
Q

When the source moves away from the observer what happens in the doppler effect?

A

Frequency decreases

Wavelength increase

47
Q

Name pieces of evidence that supports the big bang

A

Red shift

Cosmic microwave background radiation

48
Q

What is red shift?

A

A perceived change in wavelength as the waves are stretched or getting longer moving into the red end of the spectrum

49
Q

Why is red shift evidence for the big bang?

A

There is an observed increase in wavelength of light from most distant galaxies
So galaxies are still expanding further away so they must have originally been squashed together

50
Q

What is Hubbles law?

A

The further away the galaxy the faster they are moving

Therefore the bigger observed increase in wavelength

51
Q

What is the cosmic microwave background radiation?

A

The beginning of the universe was very hot so electromagnetic radiation filled the universe
The radiation that was present is visible as an echo of light radiation from the big bang

52
Q

Who’s and what theory opposes the big bang?

A

Sir Fred Hoyle

The steady state theory

53
Q

What is the steady state theory?

A

The universe has no start and is alway expanding

54
Q

What is evidence for the steady state theory?

A

Red shift

AQA GCSE - Physics (16 decks)

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