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Anatomy > Organisation Of The Nervous System 2 > Flashcards

Organisation Of The Nervous System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The volume of the adult human brain ranges from

A

750ml to 2100ml

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2
Q

The adult human brain contains almost

A

97 percent of the body’s neural tissue

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3
Q

The average weight of the adult human brain is

A

About 1.4kg (3lb)

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4
Q

The brain size varies

A

Considerably amongst individuals

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5
Q

The brain of males are, on average, about ten percent larger than those of females due to

A

Differences in average body size

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6
Q

What are the six regions of the brain?

A 
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
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7
Q

The cerebrum is

A

The largest part of brain

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8
Q

The cerebrum controls

A

Higher mental functions

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9
Q

The cerebrum is divided into

A

Left and right cerebral hemispheres

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10
Q

The brain has an extensive area of

A

Neural cortex, a layer of grey matter covering most of its surface

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11
Q

Neural cortex is also called

A

Cerebral cortex

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12
Q

This cerebral cortex forms a series of:

A
  1. Elevated ridges (gyri), that serves to increase its surface
  2. The gyri are separated by shallow depressions called sulci
  3. Or by deep groves called fissures
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13
Q

The cerebellum is the

A

Second largest part of the brain

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14
Q

The cerebellum coordinates repetitive body movements by

A

Adjusting ongoing movements by comparing arriving sensations with previously experienced sensations, allowing you to perform the same movements over and over

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15
Q

The cerebellum has

A

Two hemispheres

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16
Q

Like the cerebrum, the cerebellum has hemispheres that are covered

A

By a layer of grey matter, the cerebellar cortex

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17
Q

The diencephalon is located

A

Under cerebrum and cerebellum

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18
Q

The diencephalon links cerebrum to

A

Brain stem

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19
Q

There are three divisions of the diencephalon:

A
  1. Left thalamus
  2. Right thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
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20
Q

Thalamus: each contains relays and processing centres for

A

Sensory information

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21
Q

The hypothalamus aka the floor of the diencephalon contains centres involved with

A

Emotions, autonomic function, and hormone production

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22
Q

In the diencephalon there is a

A

Pituitary gland

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23
Q

The pituitary gland is a

A

Major endocrine gland and is connected to the hypothalamus via infundibulum (narrow stalk)

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24
Q

The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are responsible for

A

The integration of the nervous and endocrine systems

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25
Q

The diencephalon is a

A

Structural and functional link between the cerebral hemispheres and the components of the brain stem

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26
Q

The brain stem processes information between

A

Spinal cord and cerebrum or cerebellum

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27
Q

The brain stem includes:

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

28
Q

The midbrain also called the mesencephalon processes

A

Sight, sound and associated reflexes

29
Q

The midbrain contains nuclei that

A

Process visual and auditory information and control reflexes triggered by these stimuli

30
Q

The midbrain maintains

A

Consciousness

31
Q

Pons connects cerebellum to brain stem and contains

A

Nuclei involved in somatic and visceral motor control

32
Q

The medulla oblongata connects brain to spinal cord and

A

Relays sensory information to the thalamus and to centres in other portions of the brain stem

33
Q

The medulla oblongata regulates autonomic functions

A

Heart rate
Blood pressure
And digestion

34
Q

The brain is a

A

Large, delicate mass of neural tissue

35
Q

Each of the six major brain regions has specific functions ascending from

A

The medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, brain functions become more complex

36
Q

The brain is involved in

A

Conscious thought and intelligence and these are produced in the neural cortex of the cerebral hemispheres

37
Q

Physical protection of the brain involves

A

Bones of the cranium
Cranial meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid

38
Q

Biochemical isolation is

A

The blood-brain barrier

39
Q

The cranial meninges have three layers:

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
40
Q

The cranial meninges are continuous with

A

Spinal meninges

41
Q

The cranial meninges protect the brain from

A

Cranial trauma

42
Q

The dura mater of the cranial meninges has

A

Inner fibrous layer (meningeal layer)
Outer fibrous layer (periosteal layer) fused to periosteum
Venous sinuses between two layers

43
Q

The arachnoid mater of the cranial meninges covers

A

Brain providing smooth surface that does not follow brains underlying folds

44
Q

The arachnoid mater contacts

A

Epithelial layer of dura mater and there is a subarachnoid space between arachnoid mater and pia mater

45
Q

The pia mater of the cranial meninges is attached to

A

Brain surface by astrocytes

46
Q

The Duran folds are the

A

Folded inner layer of dura mater and extend into cranial cavity

47
Q

The rural folds

A

Stabilise and support the brain and contain collecting veins (dural sinuses)

48
Q

The three largest dural folds are

A
  1. Falx cerebri
  2. Tentorium cerebelli
  3. Falx cerebelli
49
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (csf) surrounds

A

All exposed surfaces of CNS

50
Q

The functions of the CSF include

A

Cushions delicate neural tissue
Supports brain
Transports nutrients, chemical messengers and waste products

51
Q

In essence the brain is suspended inside the cranium and

A

Floated in the CSF. A human brain weighs about 1400g (3.9lb) in air but only about 50g (1.8oz)when supported by CSF

52
Q

Cerebrovascular disease is

A

Disorders that interfere with blood circulation to brain e.g stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

53
Q

Stroke or CVA occurs when

A

The blood supply to a portion of the brain is shut off and affected neurons begin to die in a matter of minutes

54
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Isolates CNS neural tissue from general circulation

55
Q

The BBB is formed by

A

Network of tight junctions between endothelial cells of CNS capillaries

56
Q

Only lipid-soluble compounds (02, c02), steriods and small alcohols can

A

Diffuse into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord

57
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Cells that are in close contact with CNS capillaries and control blood-brain barrier

58
Q

What is one of the ways astrocytes control blood-brain barrier?

A

Releasing chemicals that control permeability of endothelium so these cells play a key supporting role in the blood-brain barrier

59
Q

If astrocytes are damaged or stop stimulating the endothelial cells,

A

The blood-brain barrier disappears

60
Q

The blood-CSF barrier is

A

Formed by special ependymal cells

61
Q

The blood-CSF limits movement

A

Of compounds transferred

62
Q

Blood-CSF barrier allows

A

Chemical composition of blood and CSF to differ

63
Q

The meninges stabilise the position of the

A

Brain within the cranial cavity

64
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid provides

A

Protection against sudden jolts and shocks

65
Q

CSF provides

A

Nutrients and removes wastes

66
Q

Blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier selectively isolate

A

Brain from chemicals in blood that might disrupt neural function

67
Q

Many water-soluble molecules that are abundant in the blood occur in small amounts or not at all in the extra cellular fluid of the brain. Why?

A

Many water-soluble molecules are rare or absent in the extra cellular fluid (ECF) of brain because the blood-brain barrier regulates the movement of such molecules from the blood to the ECF of the brain

Anatomy (8 decks)

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