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Anatomy > Organisation Of The Nervous System 3 > Flashcards

Organisation Of The Nervous System 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a spinal reflex?

A

It is a rapid, automatic nerve response triggered by specific stimuli. It is controlled by spinal cord alone, not the brain

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2
Q

The spinal cord is about

A

18 inches (45cm) long and 1/2 inch (14mm) wide

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3
Q

The spinal cord ends between

A

Vertebrae L1 and L2, the cord itself is not as long as the vertebral column

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4
Q

The bilateral symmetry of the spinal cord:

A

Grooves divide the spina cord into left and right

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5
Q

One of the grooves that divide the spinal cord is the posterior median sulcus which is

A

On the posterior side

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6
Q

The other groove that divides the spinal cord is the anterior median fissure which

A

Is a deeper groove on anterior side

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7
Q

Enlargements of the spinal cord are caused by

A

Amount of grey matter in segment and involvement with sensory and motor nerves of limbs

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8
Q

There are two types of enlargements of the spinal cord

A

Cervical enlargement and lumbar enlargement

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9
Q

The cervical enlargement supplies

A

Nerves to the shoulder and upper limbs

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10
Q

The lumbar enlargement provides

A

Innervation to structures of the pelvis and lower limbs

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11
Q

The distal end of the spinal cord is composed of

A

Conus medullaris
Filum terminale
Cauda equina

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12
Q

The conus medullaris is a

A

Thin, conical spinal cord below lumbar enlargement

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13
Q

The filum terminale is a

A

Thin thread of fibrous tissue at end of conus medullaris

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14
Q

The filum terminale attaches to

A

Coccygeal ligament

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15
Q

The cauda equina is

A

Nerve roots extending below conus medullaris

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16
Q

The spinal cord segments are based on

A

Vertebrae where spinal nerves originate

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17
Q

The positions of the spinal segment and vertebrae change

A

With age

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18
Q

Cervical nerves named for

A

Inferior vertebra

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19
Q

All other nerves named for

A

Superior vertebra

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20
Q

The roots of the spinal cord are

A

Two branches of spinal nerves

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21
Q

The two roots are the

A

Ventral root and the dorsal root

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22
Q

The ventral root

A

Contains axons of motor neurons

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23
Q

The dorsal root

A

Contains axons of sensory information

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24
Q

The dorsal root ganglia contains

A

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

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25
Q

The spinal nerve is

A

Distal to each dorsal root ganglion, the sensory and motor roots are bound together into a single spinal nerve

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26
Q

Mixed nerves carry both

A

Afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibres

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27
Q

The spinal meninges are

A

Specialised membranes isolate spinal cord from surroundings

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28
Q

The functions of the spinal meninges include:

A

Protecting spinal cord against bumps and shocks to the skin of the back
Carrying blood supply
Continuous with cranial meninges, which surround the brain

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29
Q

Meningitis is a

A

Viral or bacterial infection of meninges

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30
Q

The three meningeal layers are the

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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31
Q

The dura mater is the

A

Outer layer of spinal cord

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32
Q

The arachnoid mater is the

A

Middle meningeal layer

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33
Q

The pia mater is the

A

Inner meningeal layer

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34
Q

The dura mater is

A

Tough and fibrous

35
Q

The dura mater is the layer that forms the

A

Outermost covering of the spinal cord

36
Q

This dura mater layer contains

A

Dense collagen fibres that are oriented along the longitudinal axis of the cord

37
Q

The arachnoid mater is

A

The middle meningeal layer

38
Q

The inner surface of the dura mater and the outer surface of the arachnoid mater are covered by

A

Simple squamous epithelia

39
Q

The arachnoid mater includes this

A

Epithelium called the arachnoid membrane

40
Q

The pia mater is the

A

Innermost meningeal layer

41
Q

The pia mater is a mesh

A

Of collagen and elastic fibres

42
Q

The pia mater is bound

A

To underlying neural tissue

43
Q

The interlayer spaces of the arachnoid mater are the

A

Subdural space and the subarachnoid space

44
Q

The sundial space is between

A

The arachnoid mater and dura mater

45
Q

The subarachnoid space is between

A

The arachnoid mater and the pia mater

46
Q

The subarachnoid space contains

A

Collagen/elastic fiber network (arachnoid tribeculae)

47
Q

The subarachnoid space is filled

A

With cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

48
Q

The cerebrospinal fluid acts as a

A

Shock absorber and carries dissolved gases, nutrients and wastes

49
Q

The White mater of the spinal cord is

A

Superficial and contains myelinated and Unmyelinated axons

50
Q

The gray mater surrounds the

A

Central canal of spinal cord

51
Q

The gray mater of the spinal cord contains

A

Neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, Unmyelinated axons

52
Q

The gray matter has

A

Projections (gray horns)

53
Q

There are three types of gray horns

A

Posterior gray horns
Anterior gray horns
Lateral gray horns

54
Q

The posterior gray horns contain

A

Somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

55
Q

The anterior gray horns contain

A

Somatic motor nuclei

56
Q

The lateral gray horns are in

A

Thoracic and lumbar segments; contain visceral motor nuclei

57
Q

Gray commissures are

A

Axons that cross from one side of cord to the other before reaching gray mater

58
Q

The cell bodies of neurons form

A

Functional groups called nuclei of which there are two kinds

59
Q

The two types of nuclei are

A

Sensory nuclei and motor nuclei

60
Q

The sensory nuclei are

A

Dorsal (posterior) and connect to peripheral receptors

61
Q

The motor nuclei are

A

Ventral (anterior) and connect to peripheral effectors

62
Q

Sensory and motor nucleus located within gray mater determines

A

Which body part it controls

63
Q

On each side of the spinal cord, in medial and lateral sequence, are somatic motor nuclei that control

A
  1. Muscles that position the pectoral girdle
  2. Muscles that move the arm
  3. Muscles that move the forearm and hand
  4. Muscles that move the hand and fingers
64
Q

Because the spinal cord is so highly organised,

A

We can predict which muscles will be affected by damage to a specific area of gray mater

65
Q

The White mater on each side of the spinal cord can be divided into

A

Three regions called columns

66
Q

The three columns are the

A

Posterior white columns
Anterior white columns
Lateral white columns

67
Q

Posterior white columns lie between

A

Posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus

68
Q

Anterior white columns lie between

A

Anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure

69
Q

The anterior white commissure is area where

A

Axons cross from one side of spinal cord to the other

70
Q

Lateral white columns located on

A

Each side of spinal cord between anterior and posterior columns

71
Q

Each column contains tracts (fasciculi) whose

A

Axons share functional and structural characteristics

72
Q

A tract, or fasciculus is a

A

Bundle of axons in the CNS that is somewhat uniform with respect to diameter, myelination, and conduction speed

73
Q

All axons within a tract

A

Relay the same type of information (sensory or motor) in the same direction

74
Q

Ascending tracts

A

Carry information to brain

75
Q

Descending tracts

A

Carry motor commands to spinal cord

76
Q

Spinal cord summary

A 
Spinal cord has a narrow central canal 
Is surrounded by gray mater
Containing sensory and motor nuclei:
Sensory nuclei are dorsal
Motor nuclei are ventral
77
Q

Gray mater is covered by

A

A thick layer of White mater

78
Q

White mater consists of

A

Ascending and descending axons
Is organised in columns
Contains axon bundles with specific functions

79
Q

Spinal cord is so highly organised it is possible

A

To predict results of injuries to specific areas

80
Q

Damage to the ventral root of a spinal nerve, which is composed of both visceral and somatic motor fibres,

A

Would interfere with motor function

81
Q

A spinal reflex is a

A

Rapid, automatic response triggers by specific stimuli. Spinal reflexes are controlled in the spinal cord

82
Q

The CNS is made up of brain and spinal cord while

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves constitute the PNS

83
Q

Sensory nuclei recieve and relay sensory information from peripheral receptors whilst

A

Motor nuclei issue motor commands to peripheral effectors

84
Q

A disease that damages myelin sheaths would affect the columns in the White matter of the spinal cord

A

Because the columns are composed of bundles of myelinated axons

Anatomy (8 decks)

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