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Drug Delivery II > Exam 2 Activity of Water > Flashcards

Exam 2 Activity of Water Flashcards

1
Q

Keq formula

A

Keq = ([C][D]) / ([A][B])

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2
Q

pH formula

A

pH = -log[H+]

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3
Q

Freezing point depression formula

A

deltaTf = Kf*m

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4
Q

Universal gas law

A

PV = nRT

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5
Q

T or F: The formula expression are applicable only where ideal behavior is implied i.e. intermolecular, interatomic and/or interionic forces may not be ignored

A

False; they can be ignored

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6
Q

T or F: Interionic attractive forces between oppositely charged ions of strong electrolytes in solution interfere with movement of these ions

A

True

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7
Q

T or F: A strong electrolyte may be completely ionized in solution, yet it is incompletely dissociated into free ions

A

True

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8
Q

T or F: There is interference in the freedom of each of the ions to act towards influencing the freezing point of the solution

A

True

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9
Q

The ______ of the different ions in solution with each other (or even molecules of the same substance as in the case of solutions of nonelectrolytes) results in a _____ between the experimental value of a certain physical or chemical property and the value calculate using stoichiometric concentration in the mathematical expression

A

Interference; deviation

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10
Q

It is better to think of the solution as having an effective concentration that is called ______

A

Activity

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11
Q

Activity, in general, is ___ (more/less) than the actual or stoichiometric concentration of the solute

A

Less

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12
Q

Chemical or physical property =

A

f (activity)

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13
Q

An electrode of a pH meter during a pH measurement responds to the _____ of H+, not its concentration

A

activity

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14
Q

T or F: Since an electrode of a pH meter during a pH measurement responds to the activity of H+, therefore pH = -log(activity H+)

A

True

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15
Q

Ideal gas law looks at ____ vs. pressure

A

Fugacity

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16
Q

Activity measures the _____ ______ of a chemical species whether in the state of gas, liquid, or solid, or whether present as a single species or in combination with other species

A

Net effectiveness

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17
Q

T or F: Activity may be viewed as corrected concentration

A

True

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18
Q

T or F: Activity takes into account the stoichiometric concentration (or pressure in case of gases) as well as any intramolecular attractions, repulsions, or interactions between solute and solvent in solution, association, and ionization

A

False; …. as well as any intermolecular (not intramolecular)

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19
Q

T or F: The activities normally used are relative activites

A

True

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20
Q

T or F: It is possible to assign an absolute value to the activity of a component in solution. Therefore, in order to make quantitative comparisons, a standard state is chosen

A

True

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21
Q

The ____ state of a component in a solution is the state of the component at unit activity

A

standard state

22
Q

The ____ activity of a component is the _____ of activity in an observed state relative to its value in the standard state

A

relative activity; ratio of activity

23
Q

T or F: Activity is dimensionless

A

True

24
Q

Standard state of a solvent is the pure liquid at ___ atmosphere and at a definite temperature. Therefore, for the pure liquid, a = ___

A

1; 1

25
Q

T or F: If the liquid solute isn’t miscible with the solvent, the standard state is the pure solute

A

False; if the liquid solute is miscible with the solvent

26
Q

T or F: If a solute has a limited solubility, the standard state is a hypothetical solution of unit concentration under conditions of ideal behavior (the solution has characteristics of an infinitely dilute solution)

A

True

27
Q

Activity is a measure of the _____ tendency of a component in the system, which vapor pressure is a component of

A

Escaping tendency

28
Q

T or F: Escaping tendency (vapor pressure) is much lower in alcohol vs. water

A

False; escaping tendency is much lower in water

29
Q

The separation of one component of a solution from another component by means of pressure exerted on a semipermeable membrane

A

Reverse osmosis

30
Q

Most units of reverse osmosis use a _____ _____ membrane which preferentially permits water to pass through over ions and dissolved matter

A

cellulose acetate

31
Q

The pores in RO membranes are 5-20 Angstrom units in diameter, which is __-__ cm, and therefore molecules larger than the pores (i.e. with a molecular weight greater than ___) are separated by a simple sieve process

A

5x10^-8 to 2.5x10^-7

MW > 200

32
Q

Rejection of salts is as high as ___%, while rejection of most organics is ___%, thus water of extremely high quality can be produced

A

98%; 100%

33
Q

T or F: In osmosis, water will flow because of potential energy differences from the less concentrated to the more concentrated solution until the system is in equilibrium

A

True

34
Q

T or F: The addition of pressure to the concentrated solution will stop the transport of water across the membrane when the applied pressure equals the apparent osmotic pressure between the two solutions

A

True

35
Q

T or F: Apparent osmotic pressure is the difference in the absolute osmotic pressure of each solution. Such a difference is a measurement of the potential energy difference between the two solutions

A

True

36
Q

T or F: The absolute osmotic pressure is the potential energy difference between any solution and water

A

True

37
Q

T or F: As more pressure is released from the more concentrated side, the water begins to flow from the more concentrated side to the less concentrated side

A

False; as more pressure is applied to the more concentrated side

38
Q

At a _____ (static/infinite) dilution, the solute species are separated from each other so far that they do not interact

A

Infinite

39
Q

The solution behaves ___ and under these conditions, activity = _____

A

ideally; activity = concentration

40
Q

T or F: As the concentration of the solution is increased, the activity/concentration ratio is increased

A

False: the ratio is decreased

41
Q

Formula for effective concentration or activity

A

a = y*m

42
Q

In the formula a = y*m, y is a correction factor called the

A

Activity coefficient

43
Q

The activity coefficient (y) = 1 in ____ solutions, and therefore, activity = concentration

A

ideal solutions

44
Q

Which correction coefficient (y) is used for strong electrolytes, and what is the formula?

A

Strong electrolytes use the correction coefficient of mean ionic activity where (y+/-) = (y+ y-)^0.5

45
Q

Which correction coefficient is used for ions?

A

Ionic activity coefficient (yi)

46
Q

The mean ionic activity coefficients of all electrolytes is 1 at ___ dilution

A

Infinite dilution

47
Q

T or F: Mean ionic activity coefficients are expected to equal one at infinite dilution because the solution behaves ideally and (y+/-) is equal to one in the case of ideal solutions

A

True

48
Q

Log formula for yi

A

Look up in notes

49
Q

Log formula for y+/-

A

Look up in notes

50
Q

____ strength is the measure of the intensity of the electrostatic field in a solution due to the presence of ions, and provides a basis for evaluating electrostatic interactions between ions

A

Ionic strength

51
Q

T or F: Salts that do not have a common ion with a slightly soluble salt can influence its solubility

A

True

52
Q

What are four areas that ionic strength are important in?

A

Rates of ionic reactions
Solubility of sparingly soluble salts
Effects of salts on pH of buffers
Biological research

Drug Delivery II (10 decks)

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