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Module 3 > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

complex group of diseases which starts when cells grow out of control and damage the DNA of that cell

A

cancer

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2
Q

increase in number of cells (calluses)

A

hyperplasia

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3
Q

abnormal cells proliferating (benign or malignant)

A

neoplasia

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4
Q

immature cell abnormality, irregular, disorganized and undifferentiated

A

dysplasia

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5
Q

mature cell type conversation (cells change)

A

metaplasia

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6
Q

malignant transformation

A

anaplasia

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7
Q

proto-oncogene

A

controls growth of cells

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8
Q

oncogene

A

uncontrolled cell growth

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9
Q

tumor suppressor gene

A

slows down cellular division, cause cell death

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10
Q

mutated tumor suppressor

A

uncontrolled cell growth

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11
Q

what are the 3 characters needed in order to have “well differentiated” cells

A

resemble normal cells
mature cells
function more like normal cells

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12
Q

if a cell is well differentiated how will it grow and what kind will it be

A

it will grow slower, be less aggressive and typically benign

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13
Q

if a cell is poorly differentiated how will it grow and what will it be

A

will grow faster, more aggressive, and malignant

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14
Q

grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis

A

benign (not cancer)

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15
Q

invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites

A

malignant (cancer)

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16
Q

it is important to know where the _______ cancer began so they can _____ that

A

primary; treat

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17
Q

“fingers” of cancer cells invade surrounding tissue

A

locally invasive

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18
Q

malignant cells travel through blood or lymph system and invade other tissues or organs to form secondary tumor

A

metastasis

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19
Q

what are the 4 common sites of metastases

A

brain, lung, liver, bone

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20
Q

what are the 5 hallmark of hereditary cancer syndrome

A
  • cancer in 2 or more relatives
  • cancer in family member <50y/o
  • same type of cancer in multiple family members
  • rare type of cancer in 1 or more family members
  • family members with more than 1 type of cancer
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21
Q

what can viruses cause in our body

A

long term inflammation which can suppress the immune system which directly affects the cells DNA

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22
Q

most common STD in the U.S.

A

HPV

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23
Q

primary prevention

A

health promotion and illness prevention (avoid carcinogen and get adequate nutrition)

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24
Q

secondary prevention

A

screenings, dx and tx of illness (goal is to halt the progress of cancer through early screening and diagnosis)

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25
Q

chemoprevention

A

use of substances to lower the risk of cancer (tamoxifen and raloxifine) also selenium

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26
Q

reduces risk of breast cancer

A

tamoxien and raloxifene

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27
Q

reduced risk of prostate cancer

A

selenium

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28
Q

tertiary prevention

A

disease tx and rehab, health restoration (goal is to prevent FURTHER deterioration)

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29
Q

what types of screenings are there

A

physical exam
lab tests
imaging procedures
genetic testing

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30
Q

when should a person get colorectal screening

A

men and women beginning at age 50 should follow either the fecal occult blood test, flexible sigmoidoscopy, or the colonoscopy

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31
Q

what are the age requirments for breast check ups

A

age 20
age 20-29
age 45-54
age 55

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32
Q

age 20+ (breast)

A

monthly SBEs

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33
Q

age 20-29 (breast)

A

breast exam by HCP every 3 years

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34
Q

age 45-54 (breast)

A

HCP breast exam and mammo yearly

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35
Q

age 55 (breast)

A

every 2 years

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36
Q

for women at high risk for breast CA what should be done

A

MRI and mammo yearly

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37
Q

what are the age requirements for cervical cancer screening

A

age 21 (or within 3 yrs of initiating vaginal intercourse)
age 30+
age 60+

38
Q

age 21 or intercourse (cervical)

A

pap test every 2-3 years

39
Q

age 30+ (cervical)

A

pap test and HPV every 5 years or every 3 years with pap test only

40
Q

age 60+ (cervical)

A

not necessary if all previous tests are negative

41
Q

if you get a hysterectomy continue _____ test to r/o _____ or ______cancer

A

pap; vaginal; vulvular

42
Q

what are the 7 warning signs of cancer

A 
change in bowel or bladder habits
a sore that does not heal
unusual bleeding or discharge
thickening or lump in breast or else where
indigestion or difficulty swallowing
obvious change in a wart or mole
nagging cough
43
Q

pathologist compares the appearance of cancer cells to the normal surrounding cells

A

grading

44
Q

classifying a malignancy by the extent of spread within the body

A

staging

45
Q

what is the framework for determining prognosis and treatment and is done BEFORE treatment begins

A

staging

46
Q

stage 1

A

small cancer found only in organ where it originated

47
Q

stage 2

A

larger cancer that may/may not have spread to the lymph nodes

48
Q

stage 3

A

larger cancer also in the lymph nodes

49
Q

stage 4

A

cancer has spread from original site into other organs

50
Q

what does TNM stand for

A 
T= size of primary tumor
N= number of lymph nodes involved
M= extent of metastasis
51
Q

in situ=

A

contained and very small

52
Q

what is the most significant prognostic factor

A

depth of tumor invasion at time of dx

53
Q

what does M1 mean

A

cancer has spread to one or more distant parts of the body

54
Q

still in the original tissue layer

A

in situ

55
Q

still in the original organ

A

localized

56
Q

spread to nearby lymph nodes or organs

A

regional

57
Q

spread to sdistant body parts

A

distant

58
Q

what are tumor markers used for

A

to monitor for recurrence

59
Q

after being dx and if the marker increases that means the regimen ______; if the marker lowers that means the regimen _______

A

is not working ; is working

60
Q

carcinoembryonic antigen looks at what and is used to

A

looks at gastric, lung and breast

is used to determine benefits of tx

61
Q

alfa-fetoprotein AFP is mainly for _____ cancer and is used to determine _______ of treatment

A

liver; effectiveness

62
Q

cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) is used in

A

ovarian, breast and pancreas to monitor tx AND recurrence of disease

63
Q

cancer antigen (CA-19-9) is used for

A

pancreatic and will look at it in cirrhosis pt but is NOT a good screening tool but tells you if treatment is working

64
Q

what are the 6 types of dx surgery

A

shave, punch, incisional, excisional, fine needle, core needle

65
Q

doen to extract a portion of the lesion for dx reasons when the tumor is TOO LARGE to excise

A

incisional biopsy

66
Q

2nd most diagnosed cancer in women

A

breast cancer

67
Q

what are s/s of breast cancer

A

often painless lump or mass

68
Q

what are risk factors for breast cancer

A

obese, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, family hx

69
Q

what are tx for breast cancer

A

mastectomy, radiation chemo

70
Q

begins in the pigmented cells (flat) and can occur on any surface of the skin

A

melanoma

71
Q

begins in the basal layer of skin after repeated exposure to the sun and mostly occurs on the face (fair skin)

A

basal cell

72
Q

most common skin cancer among people with darker skin and typically on the legs and feet

A

squamous cell

73
Q

clarks stage 1

A

confined

74
Q

clarks stage 2

A

in the dermis

75
Q

clarks stage 3&4

A

deeper in the dermis but still contained in the skin

76
Q

clarks stage 5

A

in an organ

77
Q

risk factors of skin cancer

A 
sunlight/UV 
severe sunburns
tanning
family hx
fair pale skin
medications or medical cond
78
Q

what are 4 signs of skin CA

A

change in an existing mole (shape, color, size of feel)
hard or lumpy skin
surface of skin oozes or bleeds and no healing
itchy, tender, painful skin

79
Q

what is the ABCDE method of skin cancer

A 
Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter
Evolution
80
Q

if skin cancer is present the diameter of the mole is typically

A

larger than 6mm

81
Q

skin CA dx is usually done by ______ then staging is based on ______

A

biopsy ; TNM

82
Q

a TNM of 0=

A

confined

83
Q

a TNM of 1=

A

deeper into the dermis

84
Q

a TNM of 2=

A

1-2mm, 2-4mm, >4mm)

85
Q

a TNM of 3=

A

is in the lymph nodes but not in an organ

86
Q

a TNM of 4=

A

everywhere

87
Q

what are the different types of biopsys

A

shave, punch, incisional, excisional

88
Q

depending on type and stage of skin CA, what treatment is done?

A

excision, surgery, chemo, radiation, biological therapy

89
Q

why is chemo done a few weeks after surgery

A

because chemo makes a person more sick and unable to heal as fast so they want the person to heal first before starting chemo

90
Q

what are a few ways to reduce the chance of getting skin cancer

A

limit sun exposure, sun screen (SPF 30), wear protective clothing, stay away from sun lamps or tanning booths, wear a hat with brim, regularly check skin for changes in moles

Module 3 (10 decks)

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