Cardiovascular

Question 1

cardiac dz associated w vit E & Se deficiencies

Answer 1

• deficiency causes oxidative injury → myocardial necrosis & mineralization (“white m. dz”) / myocardial failure
• C/S = hydrothorax, hydropericardium, ascites, pulmonary edema
• pigs: will also have subepicardial hemorrhages d/t vascular failure (mulberry heart dz)

Question 2

2 infxs agents that cause myocarditis w type of exudate/response in bovine

Answer 2

• Histophilus somni – multifocal necrosis, occasionally abscesses following septicemia. also TEME & bronchopneumonia
• Clostridium chauvoei (black leg) – necrosis, hemorrhage & edema – peracute, germinates under anaerobic conditions

Question 3

2 infxs agents that cause myocarditis w type of exudate/response in horse

Answer 3

• Actinobacillus equuli – multifocal myocarditis in septic foals
• Clostridium piliforme (Tyzzer’s) – typhlocolitis, hepatitis & myocarditis in foals

Question 4

1 infxs agent that cause myocarditis w type of exudate/response in pig

Answer 4

porcine circovirus – granulomatous myocarditis in young pigs (part of PWMWS)
• encephalomyocarditis virus, porcine herpesvirus

Question 5

3 infxs agent that cause myocarditis w type of exudate/response in dog

Answer 5

** canine parvovirus – necrotizing myocarditis in young puppies (does not usually overlap w enteric dz)
• canine distemper virus – multisystemic, necrosis
• canine herpesvirus – multisystemic, necrosis

Question 6

1 infxs agent that cause myocarditis w type of exudate/response in cat

Answer 6

FIP (feline coronavirus) - vasculitis

Question 7

2 bacterial agents that can cause myocarditis

Answer 7

• Mycobacterium sp. (granulomatous myocarditis)

* Listeria monocytogens (multifocal inflam)

Question 8

1 viral agent that can cause myocarditis in ruminants & pis

Answer 8

FMD: multifocal necrotizing myocarditis → will have “tiger heart” (yellow streaking of myocardium)

Question 9

4 causes of fungal myocarditis

Answer 9

• Aspergillus sp.
• Blastomyces dermatitidis
• Acremonium sp.
• Candida albicans 
→ necrotizing & pyogranulomatous inflam

Question 10

1 protozoal cause of myocarditis

Answer 10

Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas → dogs, cats, pigs & humans → inflam)

Question 11

endocardiosis: age, lesions, path, CS, 2°

Answer 11

• older dogs
• degen of valves (usually mitral) → thick, shrunken & nodular
• myxomatous degen & fibrosis
• path: valvular insufficiency
• C/S: pulmonary venous congestion, sudden death
• 2°: left HF, jet lesions

Question 12

endocarditis: lesions, path, 2°

Answer 12

• proliferative, usually valvular
• bacteria cause endothelial damage (vegetative)
• 2° dysfxn of valves → CHF, bacterial embolization → infarcts

Question 13

pathophys of atherosclerosis vs. artiosclerosis

Answer 13

• atherosclerosis: inflam! ex: dogs w hypothyroidism & DM, rabbits, chickens, pigs & primates
• artiosclerosis: no inflam! endothelial damage (ex: systemic or pulmonary hypertension) → hardening/thickening of arteries

Question 14

histo lesions of of atherosclerosis vs. artiosclerosis

Answer 14

• atherosclerosis: macrophages, lipid vacuoles & cholesterol clefts
• artiosclerosis: thickening of wall (proliferation of smooth m. in tunica media) & hyaline degen of smooth m. cells

Question 15

atherosclerosis def, path, micro

Answer 15

• lipid plaque formation in aa.
• inflam! (ex: dogs w hypothyroidism & DM, rabbits, chickens, pigs & primates)
• histo: macrophages, lipid vacuoles & cholesterol clefts

Question 16

artiosclerosis def, path, micro

Answer 16

• hardening of aa.
• not inflam! endothelial damage (ex: systemic or pulmonary hypertension)
• histo: thickening of wall (proliferation of smooth m. in tunica media) & hyaline degen of smooth m. cells

Question 17

FIP vasculitis: acute, subacute & chronic

Answer 17

• acute: fibrino-supurrative, multifocal
• subacute: fibrino-pyogranulomatous
• chronic: granulomatous

Question 18

8 causes of viral vasculitis

Answer 18

1. α herpesvirus
2 .malignant catarrhal fever
3. adenoviruses
4. feline coronavirus (FIP)
5. equine viral arteritis,
6. BVD
7. hog cholera
8. blue tongue / EHDV

Question 19

CS & lesions of rt-sided heart failure

Answer 19

all: enlarged rt atrium & ventricle, nutmeg liver (hepatic congestion), syncope, hydropericardium
• dogs: ascites (distended abdomen), dyspnea & coughing
• cats: hydrothorax, dyspnea & coughing, cyanosis
• cattle & horses: ventral subQ edema, jugular v. distension

Question 20

6 CS of left-sided heart failure

Answer 20

1. exercise intolerance
2. coughing
3. tachypnea/dyspnea
4. hemoptysis
5. cyanosis
6. syncope