Urinary

Question 1

possible causes of glomerular amyloidosis (w path)

Answer 1

• 1° (immunocytic) – seen in plasma cell dyscrasias

* 2° (reactive) – inherited or chronic hyperstimulation of immune system

Question 2

glomerular amyloidosis: path & sequelae

Answer 2

amyloid deposited in glomeruli →
• protein leaks (= generalized hypoproteinemic edema)
• antithrombin III (= consumption coagulopathy → thrombosis & ↑ clotting time)

Question 3

2 pathways by which glomerular damage causes tubular damage in same nephron

Answer 3

• proteins that escape filtration are reabsorbed in prox tubules → tubular (hyaline droplet) epithelial degen & necrosis
• ↓ in blood to post-glomerular vessels → degen & ischemic necrosis of tubular epithelium

Question 4

7 nephrotox agents

Answer 4

1. antimicrobials
2. NSAIDs
3. endogenous pigments
4. heavy metals
5. ethylene glycol
6. plant toxins
7. vit D & K

Question 5

how do type II & III HS rxns contribute to glomerular damage

Answer 5

• type II HS: immune response against kidney (generally glomeruli)
• type III HS: immune complexes are deposited in glomerular capillaries → stimulate complement & neutrophils → glomerular damage → protein losing nephropathy → tubular degen & necrosis

Question 6

4 sequelae (w path) of renal neoplasms

Answer 6

1. space occupation → pressure necrosis
2. compression of b.v. → ischemia & infarct
3. impedence of normal urinary flow → hydronephrosis
4. paraneoplastic syndromes: renal tumors secrete growth factors → fibrosis & leiomyomas in various sites

Question 7

juvenile nephropathy in dogs: lesions & CS

Answer 7

familial renal dz in young dogs
• gross: shrunken, firm, tan, pitted surface; thin cortex w radiating linear scar, diffuse fibrosis in medulla
• micro: cystic dilatation of • Bowman’s space & tubules, end-stage kidneys (interstitial fibrosis, mineralization, lymphocytic infiltrate ± tubular hyperplasia)
CS: PU/PD, azotemia, uremia

Question 8

causes of hydronephrosis

Answer 8

congenital malformation or acquired: 
• urinary calculi
• prostatic enlargement
• neoplasm
• urethral strictures

Question 9

5 congenital malformations of lower UT in animals

Answer 9

1. agenesis of ureter
2. ectopic ureter
3. urethra-rectal or recto-vaginal fistula,
4. urethral diverticulum (normal in bucks)
5. patent urachus

Question 10

cystitis: predisposing causes

Answer 10

1. stagnation d/t obstruction
2. catherization or urinary incontinence
3. Abx or corticosteroids,
4. being female
5. glucosuria or proteinuria
6. hyperestrogenism

Question 11

cystitis: 4 inciting causes (w path)

Answer 11

1. ascending infxns
2. ycotic cystitis (usually 2° to bacterial cystitis or immunosuppression)
3. hemorrhagic cystitis (malignant catarrhal fever)
4. toxic (blockage, Canthardin, cyclophosphamide, bracken fern)

Question 12

5 predisposing factors for development of uroliths in animals

Answer 12

1. Δ in urine pH
2. infxn & inflam
3. dehydration
4. dietary factors
5. hereditary defects

Question 13

5 likely sequelae of urolithiasis

Answer 13

1. hydrourethra
2. hydroureter
3. hydronephrosis
4. uroperitoneum
5. cystitis/uretitis/pyelonephritis

Question 14

FLUTD: sequelae

Answer 14

• inflam (urethritis, cystitis),

* chronic obstruction (hydroureter, hydronephrosis, rupture of bladder, uroperitoneum)