Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NYCPM Physiology > Exam 3 Part II > Flashcards

Exam 3 Part II Flashcards

1
Q

Factors decreasing compliance

A

anything destroying lung tissue or making it fibrotic or edematous, or blocking the bronchioles or making it difficult to expand and contract.

Lung + thorax = kyphosis or fibrotic pleurisy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What works against inspiration?

A

“compliance” work (expanding lung against elastic forces)

tissue work (R of tissues sliding over each other)

airway resistance (overcoming R to airflow in the air passages).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is vital capacity reduced by?

A

paralysis of respiratory muscles (Guillian Barre)

reduced compliance (TB, lung cancer, bromchitis, fibrosis, excess fluid).

Pulmonary edema (L heart failure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

total vital capacity

A

residual + vital capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

minute respiratory volume

A

respiratory rate x tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

dead space air

A

air that is not diffused at the end of the terminal bronchioles. It is the last air breathed in during inspirtaion and the last during expiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

physical measurement of dead space

A

air, when breathing out, that does not contain N2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

__ breaths are much better for alveolar ventilation than ___

A

deep, shallow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

nervous control of the lungs

A

parasympathetic (vagus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

bronchiolar constriction

A

histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes.

irritants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rates of gases moving

A

CO2&raquo_space; O2 > He, N2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Excess gas put in alveoli has T 1/2 17 sec. If ventilation rate is lower, T 1/2 is

A

longer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

diffusion across the respiration membrane is decreased by

A

Increased thickness of the membrane (edema, interstitial fibrosis)

decreased surface area for diffusion (removal of lung, emphysema).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

diffusing capacity of membrane

A

the ability of the respiratory membrane to exchange a gas between the alveoli and pulmonary blood. it is also the volume of gas that difuses through the membrane each minute.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Diffusing capacity

A

D = VCO/PACO

VCO = rate at which CO is taken up by the lung
PACO = partial pressure of CO in alveoli.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

chronic bronchitis and emphysema cause a

A

shunt, because many small bronchioles get completely obstructed and alveoli beyond are unventrilated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Under resting conditions, each 100 mL of blood delivers 5 mL of __ and 4 mL of ___. This is the respiratory exchange ratio.

A

5 mL O2, 4 mL CO2.

R = rate of CO2 output/rate of O2 uptake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What would be the effect of strong stimulation from the pneumotaxic center?

A

Limits duration of respiration and increases rate of respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the effect of cutting off innervation from the medulla (dorsal respiratory group)?

A

the cells still have repetitive bursts corresponding to what would have been inspiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hering Breuer reflex

A

stretch receptors are activated which sends signals through the vagus to the dorsal respiratory group when the lungs are overstrtched.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The ventral respiratory group is ___ when normally breathing.

A

inactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

apneustic center

A

prevents the switching off of inspiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

changing the levels of breathing

A

they are increased by

feedback excitation of respiratory center activity by changes in CO2, H+ and O2.

excitatory signals from other parts of the nervous system,especially during exericse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the control areas of the respiratory center are not ___ to CO2 or H+ concentration.

A

not directly responsive to CO2 or H+. Instead, a chemosensitive area of the respiratory center exists beneath the surface of the ventral medulla and is sensitive to changes in blood CO2 or H+.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

effect of carbon dioxide on stimulating the chemosensitive area

A

CO2 diffuses into brain -> CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3- + H+ -> H+ stimulates the central chemoreceptors directly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

paradoxically, more H+ arrives at the central chemoreceptors when more CO2 does than when

A

H+ blood levels do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The ____ is the only O2 mechanism in respiratory control.

A

peripheral chemoreceptors.

Low O2 normally has no effect on alveolar ventilation until PO2 is very low (1/2 normal).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why is there little increase in breathing to low PO2?

A

PCO2 and pH regulatory mechanisms oppose it.

If for some reason CO2 and H+ are prevented from dcreasing at the same time as there is a stimulus to respiration fro mlow O2, then all 3 mechanisms support each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The low O2 mechanism may be the only mechanism driving respiration in chronic respiratory conditions because the

A

CO2 mechanism adapts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

oxygen lack mechanism at high altitude

A

CO2 unopposed -> CO2 adapts -> O2 mechanism unopposed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why is oxygen regulatio of respiration not normally needed?

A

Because O2 is always much higher than CO2 and H+. Blood and tissue changes a great deal with ventilation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Regulation of respiration during exercise.

A

signals from motor cortex to move

excitation ofjoint proprioceptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Other factors that affect respiration

A

increased vasomotor activity

increased voluntary control

increased body T

diving reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

respiratory center depression

A

cerebrovascular disease

acute brain edema

anaesthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Periodic breathing

A

Cheyne stokes breathing (no breathing for 45 sec, then overbreathes).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

causes of periodic breathing

A

heart failure

central sleep apnea

obstuctive sleep apnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Hypoventilation CO2 value

A

> 40 mm Hg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Hyperventilation CO2 value

A

< 40 mm Hg

39
Q

abnormalities that cause hypoventilation

A

paralysis of respiratory muscles

increased airway resistance

increased tissue resistance

decreased compliance of the lungs and chest wall.

40
Q

paralysis of respiratory muscles

A

polio

transsection of spinal cord

depression of respiratory center by drugs.

41
Q

increased airway resistance

A

asthma

emphysema

bronchitis

42
Q

increased tissue resistance (increases viscosity).

A

pulmonary fibosis

tuberculosis

infections

pulmonary edema

43
Q

decreased compliance of lungs and chest wall

A

sliocosis, asbestosis, sarcoidosis

tuberculosis

cancer

pneumonia

restrictive diseases of the chest cage

44
Q

diseases that decrease diffusing capcity of the lungs

A

decreased area of respiratory membrane

increased thickness of respiratory membrane

abnormal vntilation/perfusion ratio

45
Q

abnormalities of oxygen transport to the tissues

A

anemia
CO posioning
decreased blood flow

46
Q

compliance is __ in emphysema.

A

increased

47
Q

pneumonia

A

any inflammatory condition in which the alveoli ar efilled with fluids and blood cells.

48
Q

atelectasis

A

collapse of the alveoli or failure to inflate caused by:
airway obsturction

lack of surfactant

puncture into thoracic cavity.

spontaneous pneumothorax.

49
Q

asthma

A

causes local edema in small bronchioles and spastic contraction of bronchioles.

50
Q

tuberculosis

A

loss of lung tissue

51
Q

types of hypoxia

A

hypoxic

anemic

stagnant/ischemia

histotoxic

52
Q

hypoxic hypoxia

A

atmospheric or hypoventilation

53
Q

anemia

A

not enough Hb or abnormal Hb, so not enough O2 transported to tissues.

54
Q

stagnant

A

nout enough blood flow to carry O2 to tissues

55
Q

histotoxic

A

tissues cannot utilize O2 even though enough is reaching the tissues. CO and beri beri are examples.

56
Q

oxygen therapy in hypoxia

A

is not sueful.

57
Q

obstructive lung disease

A

FEV/FVC ratio is decreased.

58
Q

restrictiv elung disease

A

FEV/FVC is close to normal (both FEV and FVC decreased).

59
Q

Condtions associated with restrictive breathing patterns

A

My Goodness Please Fart My Dear!

Myasthenia gravis Gullian Barre Pleural Effusion Flain Chest Massive Obesity Diaphragm paralysis

Atelectatis, pulmonary, pneumonia, congestive heart failure.

60
Q

Gi depolarization

A

stretch

Ach

parasympathetic

GI hormones

61
Q

hyperpolarization of GI

A

NE/Epi

sympathetics

62
Q

Contractile activity started by

A

spike potentials that let Ca++ in.

63
Q

parasympathetic = stimulatory, sympathetic =

A

inhibitory. It inhibits forward motility by relaxing gut wall and contracting sphincters.

64
Q

peristalsis

A

a propulsive movement in which a contractile ring moves in one direction.

65
Q

The myenteric plexus is necessary for

A

effectual peristalsis, it includes relaxation.

66
Q

Stomach emptying is favored by peristaltic contractions, which can increase in intensity under certain circumstances and which are called the

A

pyloric pump.

67
Q

stomach signals

A

favor emptying by relaxing the pyloric sphincter and increasing motility of the stomach. Gastrin is released from the stomach.

68
Q

duodenal signals

A

oppose emptying by depressing pumping in the stomach and increasing pyloric tone.

Is caused by distention in the duodenum, irritating chyme, too much protein or fat, too solid, and CCK/secretion.

69
Q

haustrations

A

severe segmentation movements that close off the canal, and turn over all the material over until it has been expossed to the surface of the intestine for absorption of fluids.

70
Q

mass movements

A

they force fecal material into the rectum and the urge to defecate is felt.

71
Q

saliva

A

amylase
mucus
lysozonyme.

72
Q

gastric secretion

A

mucous neck cells (alkaline mucus)

chief cells (pepsinogen)

parietal cells (Hcl)

73
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

allows the absorption of vitamin B12. Is produced after gastritis.

74
Q

vagal stimulation to the enteric nervous system causes

A

oxyntic glands to secrete pepsin, stomach to serete gastrin.

75
Q

distension causes

A

gastrin secretion.

digested proteins, alcohol, Ach and caffeine cause gastrin secretion. Histamine causes gastric gland secretion.

76
Q

gastric secretion phases

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

77
Q

enterogastric reflex

A

distension, acid or irritating chyme inhibit secreation.

78
Q

CCK/secretin

A

caused by acid, fat or irritating chyme oppose gastric secretion. They oppose gastrin.

79
Q

Pancreatic secretion

A 
trypsin, carboxypeptidase
RNAse, DNAse
Amylase
Lipase
HCO3
80
Q

Pancreatic secretion regulation

A

acid from stomach releases secretin from duodenum, fats cause release of CCK. Secretin and CCK absorbed into the blood stream.

Vagal stmulation releases enzymes into acini.
Secretin causes copious secretion of pancreatic fluid and bicarbonate. CCK causes secretion of enzymes.

81
Q

Bile secretion

A

vagal stimulation causes weak contraction of gallbaldder -> secretic stimulates liver weakly -> gallbaldder contraction -> relaxation of sphincter of Oddi.

82
Q

No bile in intestines causes failure to absorb

A

ADEK. Also steatorrhea.

83
Q

Secretion of mucus

A

From Brunner’s glands in duodenum and crypts of Lieberkuhn.

Inhibited by sympathetics

84
Q

Secretion of intestinal digestive juices

A

From crypts of lieberkuhn.

includes peptidases, disaccharides, lipases

85
Q

regulation in small intestine secretion

A

local nervous reflexes stimuilated by chyme.

86
Q

digestion of carbohydrates

A

mouth - amylase

stomach - blocks amylase

small intestine - pancreatic amylase

87
Q

digestion of fats

A

mostly in small intestine by bile salts, lipase and colipase

88
Q

digestion of proteins

A

pepsin

occurs in small intestine due to enzymes in pancreatic secretions and epithelial cells.

89
Q

large surface area of the small intesines

A

is due to folds o mucosa, villi and microvilli.

90
Q

absnorption in small intesine

A

water, ions, active transport of Na, Cl, bircarbonate, Ca, vitamin D3, Fe, K, Mg

91
Q

CHO, monosaccharides, glucose, galactose, proteins

A

carried by a Na+ transport system.

92
Q

substances absorbed in the colon

A

water and electrolytes.

93
Q

No milk right after diarrhea because epithelial cells don’t make lactase immediately, will be lactose inolerant with continued diarrhea.

A

Cool

NYCPM Physiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions