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Biology > Chapter 7-8 > Flashcards

Chapter 7-8 Flashcards

1
Q

The axial skeleton consists of…

A

The head, facial bones, hyoid, middle ear bones

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2
Q

3 types of muscle

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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3
Q

Striated muscle

A

Skeletal

Cardiac

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4
Q

Voluntary muscle

A

Skeletal

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5
Q

Non-striated

A

Smooth

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6
Q

Involuntary muscle

A

Smooth

Cardiac

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7
Q

Name three head muscles

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Temporalis
Masseter

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8
Q

Shoulder muscle

A

Trapezius

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9
Q

Rib muscles

A

Intercostals

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10
Q

Upper arm muscles

A

Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi

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11
Q

Muscles that move lower arm

A

Biceps brachii

Triceps brachii

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12
Q

Abdominal wall muscles

A

External oblique

Rectus abdominus

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13
Q

Muscle that moves upper leg

A

Gluteus Maximus

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14
Q

Muscles that move lower leg

A

Hamstrings
Quadriceps femoris
Sartorius

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15
Q

Muscles that move foot

A

Gastrocnemius

Calcanial tendon

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16
Q

Moves head down and to the side

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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17
Q

Moves jaw

A

Temporalis

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18
Q

Aids in chewing

A

Masseter

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19
Q

Look up, shrug shoulders

A

Trapezius

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20
Q

Aid in breathing/ ribs

A

Intercostals

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21
Q

Allows you to move arm upward

A

Deltoid

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22
Q

Allows you to move arm forward

A

Pectoralis major

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23
Q

Allows you to pull arms back

A

Latissimus dorsi

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24
Q

Moves lower arm upwards

A

Biceps brachii

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25
Q

Extending of arms

A

Triceps brachii

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26
Q

Muscles only ever…

A

Pull. NEVER push

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27
Q

Aids proper posture, childbirth, heavy breathing

A

External oblique (angled)

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28
Q

Sit ups, crunches

A

Rectus abdominus

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29
Q

Moves thighs downward

A

Gluteus Maximus

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30
Q

When walking, in state of contraction

A

Gluteus Maximus

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31
Q

Strongest muscle

A

Gluteus Maximus

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32
Q

Raise lower leg

A

Hamstring (back of thigh)

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33
Q

Extends leg forward

A

Quadriceps femoris

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34
Q

Crossing of leg

A

Sartorius

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35
Q

Longest muscle

A

Sartorius

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36
Q

Standing on tiptoes

A

Gastrocnemius

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37
Q

Calf muscle

A

Gastrocnemius

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38
Q

Extend foot downward

A

Calcanial tendon

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39
Q

Achilles’ tendon

A

Calcanial tendon

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40
Q

Heel bone

A

Calcanius

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41
Q

Muscle tendon

A

Fascia

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42
Q

Electrical impulse…

Part of muscle structure

A

Neuromuscular junction

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43
Q

Nutrition for muscles

A

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Calcium

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44
Q

Enlargement of muscles through use

A

Hypertrophy

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45
Q

Muscles getting weaker

A

Atrophy

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46
Q

Causes of atrophy

A

Age
Injury
Immobilization

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47
Q

Slow twitch fibers

A

Red

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48
Q

Fast twitch fibers

A

White

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49
Q

Which fibers have a lot of endurance?

A

Red

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50
Q

Which fibers become fatigued quickly?

A

White

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51
Q

What leads to fatigue?

A

Build up of lactic acid

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52
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

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53
Q

Parts of CNS

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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54
Q

Protection for CNS?

A

Meninges

Cerebrospinal fluid

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55
Q

Transmit impulses

A

Neurons

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56
Q

3 parts of a neuron?

A

Dendrites
Cell body
Axon

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57
Q

3 types of neurons?

A

Sensory neurons
Interneurons
Motor neurons

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58
Q

Which neurons go from CNS to another part of the body?

A

Motor neurons

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59
Q

2 types of nerve cells?

A

Neurons

Glial cells

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60
Q

Which cells support and insulate nerve tissue?

A

Glial cells

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61
Q

What are the actual nerve cells?

A

Neurons

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62
Q

What is the function of glial cells?

A

They support and insulate nerve tissue

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63
Q

Nerve impulses travel in one direction in a nerve fiber– from the…

A

Dendrites toward the cell body and from the cell body toward the axon.

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64
Q

White, specialized covering?

A

Myelin

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65
Q

White matter has…

A

Myelin sheath

Axons

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66
Q

Gray matter has…

A

No myelin sheath

Dendrites, cell bodies

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67
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

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68
Q

What is the purpose of the PNS

A

Connects CNS to extremities via nerves

69
Q

2 divisions of PNS

A

Somatic

Autonomic

70
Q

Controls involuntary

A

Autonomic

71
Q

takes the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

A

Autonomic PNS

72
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

73
Q

Fight or flight

A

Sympathetic

74
Q

Slows things down

A

Parasympathetic

75
Q

Speeds things up

A

Sympathetic

76
Q

What is included in a typical nerve pathway?

A

The brain

77
Q

5 parts of the Reflex Pathway:

In order

A 
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Interneuron
Motor neuron 
Effector
78
Q

What receives the stimuli around you?

A

Receptor

79
Q

Makes decision without the brain

A

Interneuron

80
Q

Is the brain a part of the Reflex Pathway?

A

NO

81
Q

Which part of the brain has two Hemispheres

A

Cerebrum

82
Q

Reading
Writing
Arithmetic

A

Left side of cerebrum

83
Q

Artistic

A

Right side of cerebrum

84
Q

What splits the cerebrum in half?

A

Longitudinal fissure

85
Q

The 2 hemispheres communicate with each other through a mass of nerve cells called the…

A

Corpus Callosum

86
Q

Much of the brain’s gray matter is located in the…

A

Cerebral cortex (outer layer)

87
Q

Cortex=

A

Outside

88
Q

4 cerebral lobes

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

89
Q

Motor control

A

Frontal

90
Q

Muscles, personality, judgement

A

Frontal

91
Q

Analyze sense of touch

A

Parietal

92
Q

Sight

A

Occipital

93
Q

Hearing, taste, smell

A

Temporal

94
Q

Coordinates muscle activity

A

Cerebellum

95
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Controls MUCH of autonomic system (not all)

96
Q

Controls MUCH of autonomic system

Breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure

A

Medulla oblongata

97
Q

Links cerebrum and cerebellum

A

Pons

98
Q

Bridge in the brain

A

Pons

99
Q

Helps– breathing, eye movement, facial expressions

A

Pons

100
Q

What does the pons do?

A

Links cerebrum and cerebellum

Helps breathing, eye movement, facial expressions

101
Q

Midbrain

A

Coordinates movement of both eyes

102
Q

Coordinates movement of both eyes

A

Midbrain

103
Q

“Small net”

A

Reticular formation

104
Q

“Master switch” of the cerebrum

A

Reticular formation

105
Q

“Tune out”

“High alert”

A

Reticular formation

106
Q

2 parts of Limbic system

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

107
Q

Coordinating emotions

A

Limbic system

108
Q

Switchboard

A

Thalamus

109
Q

Control unit for body’s automatic systems

A

Hypothalamus

110
Q

Belief that a person’s actions can be completely explained as responses to particular stimuli

A

Behaviorism

111
Q

What is a very important nutrient for electrical impulses?

A

Calcium

112
Q

What rids the brain of excess waste?

A

Rest

113
Q

Which sleep removes the most waste products?

A

REM

Rapid eye movement

114
Q

When alcohol entered the body it is converted to…

A

Poison- Acetaldehyde

115
Q

Alcohol causes an Inflammation of nerve cells called…

A

Neuritis

116
Q

How many Americans are addicted to alcohol?

A

1/10 Americans over age of 12

117
Q

If a heavy drinker suddenly quits, he could get

A

Delirium tremens

Seizures

118
Q

Paralysis

A

If spinal cord or nerves are damaged

119
Q

Whiplash

A

Car accidents, neck

120
Q

Pinched leg nerves

A

Sciatica

121
Q

Name 4 brain injuries

A

Stroke
Concussion
Amnesia
Coma

122
Q

Most common SERIOUS injury

A

Stroke

123
Q

Temporary memory loss

A

Amnesia

124
Q

Prolonged loss of consciousness

A

Coma

125
Q

Disease preventer in the brain?

A

Blood-brain barrier

126
Q

Inflamed meninges

A

Meningitis

127
Q

Causes by a virus that enters the motor neurons of the spinal cord and destroys some of them

A

Poliomyelitis

128
Q

Slowly destroys myelin sheath

A

Multiple sclerosis

129
Q

Lack of neurotransmitter- dopamine

A

Parkinson’s (tremors)

130
Q

Motor area damaged (muscles)

A

Cerebral palsy

131
Q

Toxin affects nervous system (lockjaw)

A

Tetanus

132
Q

Bacteria found in soil, causes lockjaw

A

Tetanus

133
Q

Slow loss of nerve cells

A

Dementia

134
Q

Difference between Dementia and Alzheimer’s?

A

Dementia- just mental

Alzheimer’s- both mental and physical

135
Q

Entire cerebral cortex fires at same time, rather than sporadically

A

Epilepsy (seizures)

136
Q

Pain receptors

A

Bare dendrites

137
Q

Touch and pressure

A

Mechanoreceptors

138
Q

Changes in temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

139
Q

Smell

A

Receptors to olfactory nerve

140
Q

Funnels sound into ear

A

Auricle

141
Q

Ear drum

A

Tympanic membrane

142
Q

Amplification of sound

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

143
Q

Connects ear to mouth

A

Eustachian tube

144
Q

Real organ of hearing

A

Cochlea

145
Q

Give us our balance

A

Semicircular canals

Fluid shifts and they bend

146
Q

Where are tears produced?

A

Lacrimal gland

147
Q

Destroy pathogens in eye

A

Lysozymes

148
Q

How many muscles are in the eye

A

6 extrinsic

149
Q

White portion of eye

A

Sclera

150
Q

Transparent portion of eye

A

Cornea

151
Q

Bending of light?

A

Refraction

152
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent, refracts light

153
Q

Middle layer of eye

A

Uvea

154
Q

Layer of connective tissue

Part of uvea

A

Choroid

155
Q

Muscles of eye

A

Ciliary body

156
Q

Colored portion of eye

A

Iris

157
Q

Pupil

A

Just a hole running through iris

158
Q

Most important part for vision

Very delicate

A

Retina

159
Q

Pigmented layer

A

Black, for a crisp, clear image

160
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Rod cells

Cone cells

161
Q

Detect light or dark

A

Rod cells

162
Q

Absorbs light, changes shape to detect light

A

Rhodopsin

163
Q

Is rhodopsin in the cone cells or the rod cells?

A

Rod cells

164
Q

Color

A

Cone cells

165
Q

Color blindness is mostly in

A

Males

166
Q

More rod and cone cells than anywhere else

A

Fovea

167
Q

Fovea

A

Layer of optic nerve cells

168
Q

Blind spot

A

Where optic nerve leaves eye

169
Q

What causes night blindness?

A

Lack of rhodopsin

Biology (12 decks)

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