Chapter 8

Question 1

self-understanding

Answer 1

the child’s cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of the child’s self-conceptions

Question 2

moral development

Answer 2

development that involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people

Question 3

heteronomous morality

Answer 3

the first stage of moral development in Piaget’s theory, occurring from approximately 4 to 7 years of age; justice and rules are conceived as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people

Question 4

autonomous morality

Answer 4

in Piaget’s theory, older children (about 10 years of age) become aware that rules and laws are created by people and that in judging an action should consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences

Question 5

immanent justice

Answer 5

the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately

Question 6

conscience

Answer 6

an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves integrating moral thought, feeling, and behavior

Question 7

gender identity

Answer 7

the sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old

Question 8

gender role

Answer 8

a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel

Question 9

gender typing

Answer 9

acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

Question 10

social role theory

Answer 10

a theory that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women

Question 11

psychoanalytic theory of gender

Answer 11

a theory deriving from Freud’s view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent, by approximately 5 or 6 years of age renounces this attraction because of anxious feelings, and subsequently identifies with the same-sex parent, unconsciously adopting the same-sex parent’s characteristics

Question 12

social cognitive theory of gender

Answer 12

a theory emphasizing that children’s gender development occurs through the observation and imitation of gender behavior and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender-appropriate and gender-innapropriate behavior

Question 13

gender schema theory

Answer 13

the theory that gender typing emerges as children develop gender schemas of their culture’s gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior

Question 14

authoritarian parenting

Answer 14

a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect their work and effort; places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange; associated with children’s social incompetence

Question 15

authoritative parenting

Answer 15

a parenting style in which parents encourage their children to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions; extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child; associated with children’s social competence

Question 16

neglectful parenting

Answer 16

a style of parenting in which the parent is uninvolved in the child’s life; it is associated with children’s social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control

Question 17

indulgent parenting

Answer 17

a style of parenting in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them; is associated with children’s social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control

Question 18

coparenting

Answer 18

support parents provide for each other in jointly raising their children

Question 19

sensorimotor play

Answer 19

behavior engaged in by infants that lets them derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas

Question 20

practice play

Answer 20

play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports

Question 21

pretense/symbolic play

Answer 21

play in which the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol

Question 22

social play

Answer 22

play that involves social interactions with peers

Question 23

constructive play

Answer 23

play that combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas; occurs when children engage in self-regulated creation or construction of a product or solution

Question 24

games

Answer 24

activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often competition with one or more individuals