Chapter 10

Question 1

perspective taking

Answer 1

the social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings

Question 2

self-esteem

Answer 2

the global evaluative dimension of the self; also referred to as self-worth or self-image

Question 3

self-concept

Answer 3

domain-specific evaluations of the self

Question 4

self-efficacy

Answer 4

the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

Question 5

preconventional reasoning

Answer 5

the lowest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development; the individual’s moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment

Question 6

heteronomous morality

Answer 6

Kohlberg’s first stage of preconventional reasoning in which moral thinking is tied to punishment

Question 7

individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

Answer 7

Kohlberg’s second stage of preconventional reasoning, in which individuals pursue their own interests but also let others do the same

Question 8

conventional reasoning

Answer 8

the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development; at this level, individuals abide by certain standards, but these are standards set by others such as parents or society

Question 9

mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

Answer 9

Kohlberg’s third stage of moral development; individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments

Question 10

social systems morality

Answer 10

the fourth stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which moral judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty

Question 11

post conventional reasoning

Answer 11

the highest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development; the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code

Question 12

social contract or utility and individual rights

Answer 12

the fifth Kohlberg stage; individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law

Question 13

universal ethical principals

Answer 13

the sixth and highest stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which individuals develop a moral standard based on universal human rights

Question 14

justice perspective

Answer 14

a moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual and in which individuals independently make moral decisions

Question 15

care perspective

Answer 15

the moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others

Question 16

domain theory of moral development

Answer 16

theory that identifies different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social, conventional, and personal domains; these domains arise from children’s and adolescents’ attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience

Question 17

social conventional reasoning

Answer 17

thoughts about social consensus and convention, in contrast with moral reasoning, which stresses ethical issues

Question 18

gender stereotypes

Answer 18

broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males

Question 19

androgyny

Answer 19

the presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual

Question 20

popular children

Answer 20

children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers

Question 21

average children

Answer 21

children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from peers

Question 22

neglected children

Answer 22

children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers

Question 23

rejected children

Answer 23

children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers

Question 24

controversial children

Answer 24

children who are frequently nominated both as a best friend and as being disliked by their peers

Question 25

intimacy in friendships

Answer 25

self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts

Question 26

constructivist approach

Answer 26

a learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher

Question 27

direct instruction approach

Answer 27

a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, mastery of academic skills, high expectations for students’ progress, maximum time spent on learning tasks, and efforts to keep negative affect to a minimum

Question 28

mindset

Answer 28

the cognitive view, either fixed or growth, that individuals develop for themselves