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psych exam 2017 Flashcards

0
Q

What is aversion therapy

A

Treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviours
Therapists introduce stimuli that most people experience as painful, unpleasant or even revolting

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1
Q

What Is resistance

A

Attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions and impulses

  • eg. Skipping therapy sessions
  • stalls progress
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2
Q

What’s a paraprofessional

A

Person with no mental training who provide mental health services

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3
Q

What is token economy

A

Method in which desirable behaviours are rewarded with tokens that clients can exchange for tangible rewards

  • example of operant procedure
  • eg. Success in classroom
  • children with ADHD
  • patients with schizophrenia
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4
Q

What is psychotherapy

A

a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioural, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of the or lives

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5
Q

What is group therapy

A

Therapy that treats more than one person at a time

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6
Q

What is electroconvulsive therapy(ECT)

A

Patients receive brief electrical pulses to the brain that produce a seizure to treat serious psychological problems such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, serious depression
-last resort when all other treatments have failed

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7
Q

What is response prevention

A

Technique in which therapists prevent clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviours

  • crucial component of of flooding
  • effective for OCD
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8
Q

What is it exposure therapy

A

Therapy that confronts patients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear

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9
Q

What are cognitive behavioural therapies

A

Treatments that attempt to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions with more adaptive, rational cognitions
-idea that beliefs play the central role in our feelings and behaviours

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10
Q

What are the ABC’s of rational emotive behavioural therapy

A

We respond and pleasant activating event with:
A-a range of emotional and behavioural consequences
B-our believe systems
C-people often respond very differently to the same objective event

  • the ABC’s lie at the heart of cognitive behavioural therapies
  • eg. Two people getting a C on a test interpret it differently
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11
Q

Why can ineffective therapies appear to be helpful

A
  1. Spontaneous remission
  2. Placebo effect
  3. Regression to the mean
  4. Retrospective rewriting of the past
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12
Q

What is systematic desensitization

A

Patients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner
-process continues until client can confront the most frightening scenes without anxiety

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13
Q

What is participant modelling

A

Technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the client through steps to cope with it unassisted
-help with Social anxiety

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14
Q

What are humanistic therapies

A

Therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive

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15
Q

Strategic family intervention

A

Family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication
-family members often scapegoat on family member as the identified patient with the problem

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16
Q

What are person centred therapies

A

Therapy centring on the clients goals and ways of solving problems

  • therapist must be authentic, genuine, empathic and express unconditional positive regard(nonjudgmental acceptance)
  • some say placebo treatment others say not
  • reflection is a central component
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17
Q

What are behavioural therapists

A

Therapists who focus on specific problem behaviours and on current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings and behaviours
-systematic desensitization

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18
Q

What is psychopharmacotherapy

A

Use of medications to treat psychological problems

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19
Q

What is meta-analysis

A

Statistical method that helps researchers to interpret large bodies of psychological literature
-analysis of analysis

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20
Q

What is dismantling

A

Research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment such as systematic desensitization
-shows that no single component of desensitization(relaxation, imagery, and anxiety hierarchy) is essential for the outcome

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21
Q

Name the six primary approaches that psychoanalytic therapists use to attempt to “make the unconscious conscious” (bringing awareness to previously repressed impulses, conflicts and memories)?
In order

A 
Free association 
Interpretation 
Dream analysis
Minimize Resistance 
Transference 
Help clients Work though or process problems
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22
Q

What are insight therapies

A

Psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic, and group approaches, with the goal of expanding awareness or insight

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23
Q

What is flooding

A

-vivid contrast to SD
-jump right to the top of the anxiety hierarchy and expose clients to imagines of the stimuli they fear the most for prolonged periods
Eg. Behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapy

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24
Q

What is Gestalt therapy

A

Therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self

  • two chair technique
  • key to personal growth is accepting responsibility for ones feelings and maintaining contact with the here and now
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25
Q

Give 2 examples of commonly used medications for psychological disorders

A
  1. Mood stabilizers such as lithium carbonate(lithium): decreases noradrenaline& increase serotonin -BP disorder
  2. Antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(Prozac,celexa, Zoloft): selectively inhibit reuptake or serotonin- eating disorders, OCD, social phobia, anxiety disorder
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26
Q

What is transference

A

As analysis continues, clings begin to experience transference: they project intense, unrealistic feelings and expectations from their past onto the therapist

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27
Q

What is psychosurgery

A

Brain surgery to treat psychological problems

  • most radical and controversial of all biochemical treatments(absolute last resort for patients with a handful of conditions, such as severe OCD, major depression, and bipolar disorder)
  • eg. Prefrontal lobotomies
  • benefits rarely, if ever outweigh the risk factors
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28
Q

What is interpersonal therapy(IP)

A

Short term intervention/treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts and life transitions
-successful in treating depression, eating disorders and substance abuse

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29
Q

What is free association

A

Technique in which clients express themselves without censorship of any sort

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30
Q

What are empirically supported treatments (EST)

A

Intervention for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence
-also known as research supported treatments

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31
Q

What is structural family therapy

A

Treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions

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32
Q

What are the three ways researchers have approached the study of stress

A

1 stressors as stimuli-focusses on identifying different types of stressful events

  1. Stress as a transaction-examine how people interpret and cope with stressful events
  2. Stress as a response-assess peoples psychological and physical reactions to stressful circumstances
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33
Q

What 2 disorders are associated with higher risks of suicide

A

Major depression and bipolar disorder

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34
Q

What are the five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analysis of personality measures in the Big Five Model

A
  1. Openness to experience
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Extroversion
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Neuroticism
    (OCEAN)
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35
Q

What is secondary appraisal

A

Perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal

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36
Q

What is illness anxiety disorder

A

And individuals continual preoccupation with the notion that he or she has a serious physical disease
-no amount of reassurance can relieve their anxiety

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37
Q

What are labelling theorists

A

Scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnosis exert powerful negative effects on people’s perceptions and behaviours
-once a mental health professional diagnosis us, others perceive us differently and leads us to behave in weird strange or crazy ways

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38
Q

What is factor analysis

A

Statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures
-trait theorists use factor analysis to reduce the diversity of traits to perhaps 3 or 5 underlying traits

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39
Q

What is biofeedback

A

Feedback by a device that provides almost an immediate output of a biological function, such as heart rate or skin temperature
-some patients can learn to use this feedback to modify physiological responses associated with stress or illness

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40
Q

What is molecular genetic studies and what are the two premises that this study rests on?

A

Investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits:

  1. Genes code for proteins. Proteins influence the functioning of neurotransmitters(eg. Serotonin&dopamine)
  2. The functioning of many neurotransmitters is associated with certain personality traits.(eg. People with low levels of serotonin tend to be more Impulsive and aggressive)
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41
Q

What is a personality disorder

A

Condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence, are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety situations, and lead to distress or impairment
- least reliably diagnosed out of all psychiatric conditions

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42
Q

What is the genital stage ?

A

Fifth and final psychosexual stage of personality development in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others

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43
Q

What is the latency stage?

A

Fourth psychosexual stage(6-12yrs)

  • period of calm following stormy phallic stage
  • sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious
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44
Q

What can fortify our immune system

A

Positive emotions and social support

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45
Q

What is AIDS

A

-Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Serious disorder of the immune system that is life threatening, treatable but not curable
- condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) attacks and damages the immune system.

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46
Q

Define specific phobia

A

Intense fear of objects, places, or situations that is greatly out of proportion to their actual threat

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47
Q

What is social support

A

Interpersonal Relationships with people and groups that can provide us with emotional comfort and personal and financial resources

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48
Q

What is dissociative amnesia

A

Inability to recall important personal information(most often related to a stressful experience) that can’t be explained by ordinary forgetfulness

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49
Q

What are delusions?

A

Strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality

-eg. Man believed that a coworker had tapped his phone and conspired to get him fired

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50
Q

What is ADHD

A

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

  • childhood condition marked by excessive inattention, impulsivity and activity
  • two subtypes: one with hyperactivity and one with out
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51
Q

Why are mental disorders difficult or impossible to define

A

It’s unlikely that any one criterion distinguishes mental disorders from normality

  • mental disorders share a loose set up features
  • criteria don’t apply to all mental diorders
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52
Q

Name the 5 psychosexual stages in order of freud’s personality development

A
  1. The oral stage
  2. The anal stage
  3. The phallic stage
  4. The latency stage
  5. The genital stage
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53
Q

What is dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

Condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person’s behaviour

  • some say it arises from a history of severe abuse, physical, sexual,or both, during childhood
  • some say people’s expectancies and beliefs(shaped by certain psychotherapeutic procedures and cultural influences), rather than early traumas, account for the origin and maintenance of DID (considerable support)
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54
Q

What is psychoneuroimmunology ?

A

Study of the relationship between the immune system and the CNS-the seat of our emotions and reactions to the environment

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55
Q

What groups are at especially high risk for stressful events?

A

Young and unmarried people, immigrants, African-Americans, Aboriginals, and people of low socioeconomic status

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56
Q

What are is the PT Barnum effect?

A

Tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate
-we may be convinced that the results of a personality test fit us to a T, but that doesn’t mean that the test is valid

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57
Q

What are compulsions

A

Repetitive behaviours or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress, or relive shame and guilt.

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58
Q

Freud termed each stage in personality development psychosexual because each stage focuses on an erogenous zone. What is an erogenous zone?

A

Sexually arousing zone of the body

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59
Q

What is alternative medicine and complementary medicine?

A
  • healthcare practices and products use in place of conventional medicine-medicine for which there’s solid evidence and effectiveness
  • complementary medicine, in contrast, refers to products and practices that are used together with conventional medicine
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60
Q

What is emotion focused coping

A

Coping strategy that features a positive outlook on feelings or situations accompanied by behaviours that reduce painful emotions
-we are most likely to engage in emotion focused coping when situations arise that we can’t avoid or control

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61
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

Continued feelings of worry, anxiety physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning

  • 3% of people have this
  • spend average of 60% of each day worrying
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62
Q

Define an asylum

A

After the medical model, European governments began to house these individuals requiring medical treatment in asylums: institution for people with mental illness created in the 15th century( massively overcrowded and understaffed)

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63
Q

What is depersonalization/derealization disorder ?

A

Condition marked by multiple episodes of depersonalization(feeling detached from yourself), derealization(sense that the external world is strange or unreal) , or both

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64
Q

What is the official system for classifying individuals with mental disorders today

A

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM). Now in fifth addition (DSM-5)
- diagnostic system containing the American psychiatric Association (APA) Criteria for mental disorders

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65
Q

What is panic disorder

A

Repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or change in personal behaviour an attempt to avoid them

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66
Q

What is biopsychosocial perspective?

A

The view that an illness or medical condition is the product of the interplay of biological, psychological and social factors
-most medical conditions are neither all physical nor all psychological but depend on complex interplay of genes, lifestyle, immunity, social support, everyday stressors, and self-perceptions

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67
Q

What is involuntary commitment

A

Procedure of placing some people with mental illness in a psychiatric hospital or other facility based on the potential danger to themselves or others, or their inability to care for themselves

68
Q

What is reaction formation

A

Defence mechanism. Transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite.
Eg. Some homophobics may harbour unconscious homosexual impulses that they find unacceptable and transform them into a conscious dislike of homosexuals

69
Q

What is regression

A

Defence mechanism that involves the act of returning psychologically to a younger, and typically simpler and safer age
-eg. Middle aged divorced man buys a new sports car in an unconscious effort to return to his virile youth

70
Q

What is psychophysiological

A

Illnesses such as asthma and ulcers in which stress and emotions contribute to, maintain or aggravate the physical condition

71
Q

What is the oral stage?

A

First psychosexual stage(birth to 12/18 months) that focuses on the mouth.
-infants obtain sexual pleasure primarily by sucking and drinking

72
Q

What is stress

A

A type of response–consists of the tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise in a situation, call a stressor-a stimulus in the environment-strains our ability to cope effectively

73
Q

What are the 3 core assumptions of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality that sets his theory apart from other personality theories

A
  • psychic determinism: the assumption that all psychological events have a cause
  • symbolic meaning: no action is meaningless, the matter how seemingly trivial

-unconscious motivation: we rarely understand why we do what we do. Some authors likened the Freudian view of the mind iceberg: unconscious(Id) part of personality= vast, large uncharted area submerged totally underwater
Conscious(ego)= part of personality of which we are aware, merely the “tip of the iceberg”, it barely visible above the water surface

74
Q

What is a major depressive episode

A

State in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties

75
Q

What are 2 studies that provide remarkably useful information concerning the heritability of personality traits but don’t tell us much about which genes are related to personality

A

Twin and adoption studies

76
Q

What is sublimation

A

Defence mechanism. Transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal
-a man who set fires as a kid becomes chief of his local fire department

77
Q

What is a dissociative disorder

A

Condition involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception
-one of the most controversial of all diagnosis

78
Q

What is a manic episode

A

Experience marked by dramatically elevated elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behaviour

79
Q

Define personality

A

Peoples typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving

80
Q

What did Alder’s neo-Freudian theory include

A

-principle motive in human personality is not sex or aggression, but the striving for superiority(better ourselves)
-aim to accomplish this goal by crafting our distinctive style of life or long-standing pattern of achieving superiority
-children who were pampered or neglected by their parents are later at risk for an inferiority complex and are prone to low self esteem.
As a result they tend to demonstrate their superiority to others at all costs

81
Q

What a panic attacks

A

Brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat, and feelings of impending death or going crazy

82
Q

What is the Clinician’s illusion ?

A

Even in the face of horrific circumstances, like shootings and natural disasters, most of us are surprisingly resilient. Clinician’s illusion is the error of overestimating people’s fragility and underestimating their resilience

83
Q

What is a traumatic event

A

A traumatic event is a stressor that’s so severe it can produce long term psychological or health consequences

84
Q

What is a trait

A

Relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behaviour across many situations

85
Q

Describe tend and befriend

A

Reaction that mobilizes people to nurture (tend)or seek social support (befriend) under stress

  • common pattern of reacting to stress among women
  • oxytocin, The love and bonding hormone, promotes the tend and befriend response
86
Q

What is the cognitive model of depression?

A

Theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations
-cognitive triad=negative views of oneself, the world and the future

87
Q

What is projection and displacement ?

A

Both defence mechanisms.

Projection: unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others
Eg. Accuses his or her partner of adultery(projecting his or her own impulse outward) when he or she is truly the one who has thoughts about straying from the relationship

Displacement: closely related to projection, in which we direct an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target.
Eg. After hard day at work, using the punching bag rather than punching annoying coworkers

88
Q

What is Somatic symptom disorder

A

Condition marked by physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, they’re actually psychological origin

89
Q

What is repression?

A

Most critical defence mechanism triggered by anxiety.

  • motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses
  • Freud believes we repress unhappy memories of early childhood to avoid the pain they produce
90
Q

What are two scales used that are used to gauge the nature and impact of different stressful events

A

Social readjustment rating scale(SRRS) and the Hassles scale

- both major life events and hassles are associated with poor general health

91
Q

What is the insanity defence

A

Legal defence proposing that people shouldn’t be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren’t of “sound mind” when committing them

92
Q

List 3 childhood disorders

A

ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, early-onset bipolar disorder

93
Q

Problems with humanistic theories?

A
  • poor testability
  • difficult to falsify
  • many concepts difficult to evaluate empirically
  • inadequate evidence
  • unrealistic optimistic view of human nature, is it really entirely positive?
94
Q

What is homeopathic medicine

A

Remedies that feature a small dose of an illness inducing substance to activate the bodies own natural defences

  • “like cures like”
  • good example of representativeness heuristic
95
Q

What is a phobia

A

Intense fear of an object or situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat

  • most common of all anxiety disorders
  • to be considered a phobia, it must restrict our lives, create considerable stress, or both
96
Q

What is major depressive disorder

A

Chronic or recurrent state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or dismissed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties
-continual major depressive episode

97
Q

What is borderline personality disorder

A

Condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

  • tend to be extremely impulsive and unpredictable
  • traced roots to childhood problems with developing a sense of self and bonding emotionally to others
  • traits are substantially heritable
98
Q

What is coronary heart disease(CHD)?

A

-damage to the heart by the complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide the heart with oxygen
-develops when deposits of cholesterol collect in the walls of arteries(atherosclerosis)
-risks to CHD:
Smoking
High blood pressure and cholesterol
Family history of CHD
Diabetes
Low levels of vitamin D

99
Q

What is proactive coping?

A

When we anticipate stressful situations and take steps to prevent or minimize difficulties before they arise(promotes effective coping)
-people who engage in protective coping tend to perceive stressful circumstances as opportunities for growth

100
Q

What did Horney’s neo-Freudian theory include

A
  • feminist psychology
  • viewed Freuds concept of penis envy as especially misguided driving force behind the female psych
  • believed women’s sense of inferiority stems not from male anatomy but from their excessive dependency on men
101
Q

What is the anal stage

A

Second psychosexual stage(18 months to 3yrs) that focuses on toilet training

102
Q

What is OCD

A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder:condition marked by repeated and lengthy(at least one hour a day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both

  • disturbed by their thoughts often labelling themselves crazy or dangerous
  • can’t find a way to make these “unacceptable” thoughts stop
103
Q

What do some researchers call the psychological and physical response to a stressor

A

Strain

104
Q

What does Freud believed dreams are

A

wish fulfillments, that is, expressions of the id’s impulses. (Inner workings of our id in action)
-“The royal road to the unconscious mind”

105
Q

Define defence mechanisms

A

Unconscious manoeuvres intended minimize anxiety- essential for psychological health
- The ego engages in defence mechanisms when danger arises and we can’t do much to correct the situation, so we must change our perception of it

106
Q

What is PTSD

A

Posttraumatic stress disorder-marked emotional disturbances after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event such as rape, combat or a natural disaster

107
Q

What are projective tests? What is the projective hypothesis ?

A

Projective tests ask examinees to interpret or make sense of ambiguous stimuli such as ink blots, drawings of social situations, or incomplete sentences
Projective hypothesis-assumes that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, people inevitably project aspects of their personality onto these stimuli

108
Q

What is anti-social personality disorder(ASPD)

A

Condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions
-not as much research on this compared to psychopathic personality

109
Q

What is deinstitutionalization

A

governmental policy in the 1960s and 1970s the focussed on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals

110
Q

What is a type A personality?

A

Personality type that describes people who are competitive, driven, hostile, and ambitious

  • characteristics of one at risk of heart disease?
  • anger is the most predictive type A trait of CHD
111
Q

What is bipolar disorder

A

Condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode

112
Q

What is our immune system, how w does it work

A

Our body’s defence against invading bacteria, viruses,and other potentially illness producing organisms/substances

  • Our Bone marrow manufactures phagocytes and lymphocytes which are two types of specialized white blood cells.
  • phagocytes engulf the invader
  • macrophages destroy remaining antigens and dead tissue
  • two types of lymphocytes, T cells and B cells
113
Q

What is denial

A

Defence mechanism. Motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences (contrast to repression where you forget distressing internal experiences)
-most often observe denial in people with psychotic disorders

114
Q

What is the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex?

A

Conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals

Conflict during the Phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

115
Q

What is a psychotic symptom

A

Psychological problem reflecting serious distortions in reality
-eg. delusions

116
Q

What is the medical model

A

View of mental illness is due to a physical disorder requiring medical treatment
-treatments were sometimes barbaric
Eg. Bloodletting- excessive blood causes mental illness and drained patients of pounds blood

117
Q

What are 3 intriguing biological clues to the causes of schizophrenia

A

Brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter differences, and genetic findings

118
Q

What is psychopathic personality?

A

Condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centredness, and risk taking

  • not formally a psychological disorder and is not listed in DSM-5, however it overlaps with ASPD)
  • mostly male: guiltless, self centred, dishonest
  • causes remain mysterious
119
Q

List the 5 types of control that we can use to relieve stress

A
  • behavioural control-step up and do something to reduce the impact of a stressful situation or prevent its recurrence(problem focused coping)
  • cognitive control-cognitively restructure or think differently about negative emotions that arise in response to stress-provoking events(emotion focused cooing)
  • decisional control-choose among alternative courses of action
  • informational control-acquire info about stressful event (proactive coping)
  • emotional control-ability to suppress and express emotion
120
Q

What is primary appraisal

A

When we encounter a potentially threatening event, we initially engage in primary appraisal, Which is our initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful before making a secondary appraisal

121
Q

Describe the three stages of adaptation that prolonged stressors take us through

A

Stage 1: the alarm reaction-excitation of the autonomic nervous system. limbic system is involved in the discharge of adrenaline&cortisol(floods person with energy). physical symptoms of anxiety. Blood pressure rises and adrenaline readies person for Fight or flight response.

Stage 2: Resistance- after the initial rush of the stress hormones they adapt to the stressor and find ways to cope with it(relaxation replaces tension)

Stage 3: exhaustion- when a stressor is more prolonged and uncontrollable and if our personal resources may be limited and we lack good coping measures, then our resistance may ultimately breakdown, causing levels of activation to bottom out. Results can range from damage to an organ system to depression and anxiety to a break down in the immune system

122
Q

What are hallucinations

A

Sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimulus

  • can be auditory, olfactory, tactile, or visual
  • most are auditory, usually consisting of voices
123
Q

What is the aim of trait models

A

Primarily efforts to describe individual differences in personality rather than to explain their causes
-helped psychologists predict performance in jobs

124
Q

What is a peptic ulcer?

A

An inflamed area in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause pain, nausea and loss of appetite
-stress may play some role in contributing to ulcers , perhaps by reducing the efficiency of the immune system and increasing vulnerability to the bacterium

125
Q

What is Comorbidity

A

A problem with the DSM-V where there is a Co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person

126
Q

What are catatonic symptoms

A

Motor problem, including extreme resistance to complying with simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in a fetal position

127
Q

What is the rational/theoretical method of test consumption

A

Approach requires test developers to begin with a clear cut conceptualization of a trait and write items to assess that conceptualization

128
Q

What are the five criteria that psychiatrists proposed that mental disorder includes ?

A
  1. Statistical rarity: many are uncommon in the population
  2. Subjective distress: emotional pain for individuals
  3. Impairment: interfere with peoples ability function every day life
  4. Societal disproval: ex.homosexuality?
  5. Biological Disfunction: result from breakdowns or failures of physiological systems

(we cannot rely on any one of these criteria to define mental disorders because they don’t apply to all mental disorders)

129
Q

What is the diathesis-stress model

A

Perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability

130
Q

What are humanistic models of personality

A
  • more optimistic than psychoanalytics
  • reject determinism and embrace free will
  • propose that the core motive in personality is self-actualization: drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent
  • events are important but the person is more important
  • Rogers and Maslow: humanistic theorists
131
Q

Agoraphobia?

A

Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is on unavailable in the event of a panic attack

132
Q

What is obsession

A

Persistent idea, thought or impulse that is unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress

133
Q

Describe the id ego and superego (The three agencies or components the human psyche consists of)

A

For Freud, the interplay among these three agencies gives rise to our personalities, differences in the strength of these agencies account for individual differences in personality

Id: The reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression. cauldron of desires that provides the driving force for much of our behaviour. -Entirely unconscious
Superego: our sense of morality. Contains the sense of right and wrong we’ve internalized from our interactions with society
Ego: Psych’s executive and principal decision maker
-resolves the competing demands of the two other psychic agencies)

134
Q

What s the lexical approach

A

Approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language
-if a personality trait is important in our daily lives, it’s likely that we talk a lot about it

135
Q

What is social anxiety disorder

A

Intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations

-eg. speaking or performing in public

136
Q

What is corticosteroid ?

A

Stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances

137
Q

Define meditation

A

Variety of practises that train attention and awareness

138
Q

What is the pleasure principlein reality principle

A

Pleasure principle:Tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification
Reality principle: tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet

139
Q

What is the demonic model

A

View of mental illness in which odd behavior, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits investing the body

140
Q

What is prevalence

A

Refers to the percentage of people within a population who have a specific metal disorder
–The DSM-5 is a valuable source of information concerning the characteristics, such as the prevalence, of many mental disorders

141
Q

What does Richard Lazarus believe is a critical factor influencing whether we experience an event as stressful?

A

Our appraisal-or our evaluation of the event

142
Q

Define moral treatment

A

Approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illness

143
Q

What is rumination?

A

Focussing on how bad we feel and endlessly analyzing the causes and consequences of our problems
-recycling negative events in our minds can lead us to become depressed

144
Q

Define spirituality

A

Search for the sacred, which may or may not extend to the belief in God
-people who describe themselves as religious have lower mortality rates, improved immune system functioning, lower blood pressure, and the greater ability to recover from illness

145
Q

What is rationalization ?

A

Defence mechanism. Providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviours or failures
Eg: when a hypnotist asks why the person under hypnosis is barking they may reply because they missed their dog and felt like barking

146
Q

What is schizophrenia ?

A

Severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality

  • perhaps the most severe of all disorders and the most mysterious
  • many confuse it with DID
  • one personality that’s shattered
  • to be diagnosed the DSM-5 states that the individual must exhibit at least one of the following three symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, and/or disorganized speech
147
Q

What are neo-Freudian theories and in what two ways do they differ from Freudian theory ?

A

Theories derived from Freud’s model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long term personality growth

148
Q

What is hardiness?

A

Set of attitudes marked by a sense of control over events, commitment to life and work, and courage and motivation to confront stressful circumstances
-View change is a challenge rather than a threat

149
Q

What is autism spectrum disorder(ASD)

A

DSM-5 category that includes autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder(a less severe form of autism)

  • severe deficits in language, social bonding, and imagination
  • causes of autism remain mysterious although twin studies suggest genetic influences play a prominent role
150
Q

What is aerobic exercise

A

Exercise that promotes the use of oxygen in the body

151
Q

What are the 4 behaviours that promote health and can counteract the negative cycles of engaging in unhealthy behaviours that reduce stress in the short run but put ourselves at risk for health and stress related problems in the long run?

A
  1. Stop smoking
  2. Curb Alcohol Consumption
  3. Achieve A Healthy Weight
  4. Exercise
152
Q

What are categorical and dimensional models

A

categorical model: model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning and kind rather than degree(DSM-5 relives too much on this)
Eg. A mental disorder such as depression, is either present or absent, with no in between

Dimensional model: model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning degree other than kind
Eg. Height fits a dimensional model because although we differ in height, these differences aren’t all or none
-depression/anxiety

153
Q

Define health psychology

A

Also called behavioural medicine, is a rapidly growing field that has contributed to our understanding of the influences of stress and other psychological factors on physical disorders
-integrates the behavioural sciences with the practice of medicine

154
Q

Define acupuncture

A

Ancient Chinese practice inserting thin needles into more than 2000 points in the body to alter energy forces leave to run through the body

155
Q

What are social learning theorists

A

Theorists influenced by radical behaviourists, who emphasize thinking as a cause of personality

  • reciprocal determinism
  • learning occurs by watching others in addition to classical and operant conditioning
156
Q

Define a hassle

A

Minor annoyance or nuisance that strains our ability to cope
-The frequency and perceived severity of hassles are actually better predictors of physical health, depression, and anxiety than major life events

157
Q

What is anxiety sensitivity

A

Fear of anxiety related sensations
-eg. Standing up too quickly and feeling a bit dizzy-then misinterpreting the symptom as dangerous (may lead to panic attacks)

158
Q

Describe General adaptation syndrome(GAS)

A

Stress response pattern proposed by Hans Selye that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

159
Q

What did Jung’s neo-Freudian theory include

A
  • personal unconsciousness
  • collective unconscious=our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations. It contains numerous archetypes (cross-culturally universal symbols) which represent key objects in our development.
  • conflict with expectations and external reality
160
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

Tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can’t control

161
Q

Describe Maslows characteristics of self actualized people

A
  • individuals strive through life though a hierarchy of needs to reach self-actualization(similar to roger’s ‘fully functional person’)
  • self actualized people tend to be creative, spontaneous, and accepting of themselves and others
  • they are prone to peak experiences: transcendent moments of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world
162
Q

What is problem-focused coping

A

Coping strategy by which we problem solve and tackle life’s challenges head-on
-we are most likely to engage in problem-focused coping when we are optimistic and think we can achieve our goals

163
Q

What are some disclaimers to freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality

A
  • critics noted that many hypotheses derived from his theory were difficult or impossible to falsify. And those portions of the theory that can be falsified often have been.
  • also,he studied a relatively small number of individuals in depth but applied his theories to virtually all of humanity
  • as behavioural studies have shown, shared environment plays scant role in adult personality, contracting a key proposition of Freudian theory
164
Q

What are the 3 broad influences on personality that Behaviour-genetic methods disentangle

A
  1. Genetic factors- regardless of how and by whom we are raised, Our personalities have been linked to our biological parents genetic make up
  2. Shared environmental factors-experiences that make individuals within the same family more alike
  3. Nonshared environmental factors-experiences that make individuals within the same family less alike
165
Q

What is the phallic stage? What is the Oedipus Complex?

A

Third psychosexual stage(3-6yrs) that focuses on the gentiles(penis for boys, clitoris for girls)-become the primary erogenous zones for pleasure
- children develop a powerful attraction for the opposite sex parent as well as a desire to eliminate the same sex parent as a rival

166
Q

According to rogers, what are the 3 major components that our personalities consist of?
-goal is to become a “fully functioning person”

A
  1. Organism: is innate and substantially genetically influenced. Like the id but inherently positive and helpful to others
  2. Self: our self concept, set of beliefs about who we are
  3. Conditions of worth: expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour
    - anxiety is generated when our self concept(ideal self) is different from our reality
167
Q

What is dissociative fugue

A

Sudden, unexpected travel away from home or the workplace, accompanied by amnesia for significant life events (flee their stressful circumstances)

  • a type of dissociative amnesia
  • in some cases they move to another city or country, assuming a new identity

From Flashcardlet (23 decks)

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