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Head And Neck > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different functions that cranial nerves can be split into?

A

General sensory, special sensory, motor, autonomic

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2
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem?

A

The midbrain, the pons and the medulla

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3
Q

Which the special sensory cranial nerves?

A

The olfactory CNI, the Optic CNII and the vestibulcochlear CNVIII

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4
Q

Which are the purely motor cranial nerves?

A

The occulomotor CNIII< the trochlear nerve CNIV, the abducent nerve VI, the hypoglossal CNXII, and the spinal accessory XI

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5
Q

What are the mixed cranial nerves?

A

Trigeminal nerve CNV, the facial nerve CNVII, the glosspharyngeal CNIX and the vagus nerves CNX

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6
Q

Which of the cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A

The occulomotor CNIII, the trochlear nerve CNiv, the opthalmic branch of the trigemenail nerve CNV< and the abducent nerve VI

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7
Q

Which cranial nerve passess through the cribiform plate?

A

Olfactory, CNI

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8
Q

Which foramen does the optic nerve, CNII pass through?

A

The optic canal

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9
Q

Whic nerve passess through the foramen rotundum?

A

The maxillary division of the trigemnial

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10
Q

What cranial nerve passess through the foramen ovale?

A

The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve CNV

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11
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

The facial nerve CNVII and the vestibulcochlear nerve CNVIII

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12
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve CNIX, the Vagus nerve CNX< and the spinal accessory nerve CNXI

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13
Q

Which cranial nerve passess through the hypoglossal foramen?

A

The hypoglossal nerve

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14
Q

Which part of the brain do the olfactory and optic nerves arise from?

A

The cerebrum

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15
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?

A

The Occulomotor CNIII, and the trochelear nerve CNIV

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16
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the pons (and the pons medullary junction)?

A

The trigeminal nerve CNV, the abducent VI, and the facial nerve CNVII, and the vestibulocochlear nerve CNVIII

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17
Q

Which are the cranial nerves that arise from the medulla of the brain?

A

The glossopharngeal nerve CNIX, the vagus nerve CNX, and the spinal accessory nerve XI and the hypoglossal nerve CNXII

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18
Q

How would you tests the olfactory nerve CNI?

A

You test one nostril at a time using smelling salts, however is often not formally tested, you could ask if the patient has experienced any changes in their food, and you can ask the paitent to try and name a certain smell

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19
Q

What is ansomia and what can cause it?

A

Is an absence of a sense of smell, can be caused temporaly by infections or can be caused in head conditions, or by tumours in the olfactory groove, or by degenerative conditions such as parkinsons or alzhemiers

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20
Q

What froms the optic nerve?

A

The two optic nerves will unite to form an optic chiasm

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21
Q

How would you test the function of the optic nerve CNII?

A

You would test one eye at the time, including tests of visual fields and the pupils, and the type of defect will depend on where the optic nerve has been interupted

22
Q

Describe some of the pathologies of the optic nerve?

A

Optic neurtitis- lesions of the optic nerve that cause dimuination of visual acuity, pituarity tumour as the optic nerve lies in close proximity to the pitauriy gland, and would produce a defect that affects the peripheral vision in both eyes,

23
Q

What are the functions of the occulomotor nerve?

A

Provides motor innervation to the striated muscles of 4 of the. Extraocular muscles and the superior eyelid, and parasmyptatheic through the ciliary ganglia to the smooth muscle of the eye, the spinchter papillae and the ciliary muscles of the eye

24
Q

How would you test the occulomotor nerve CNIII?

A

Inspection of the eyelid and pupils, papillary light relflexes

25
Q

What are some of the causes of CNIII lesions?

A

Occulomotor, includes raised intercranial pressure, anyersums (including the posterior communicating atery) cavernous sinus thrombosis, diabetes and hypertension

26
Q

What is the presentation of a patietn with an occulomotor nerve lesion?

A

Eyeball is resting in a down and out position, due to paraylsis of the superior, inferior and medial rectus and the inferior oblique unable to elevate depress of abduct the eye. Ptsois or a drooping upper eyelid, and dilated pupil due to unopposed action of the dilator pupillae muscle

27
Q

Which cranial nerves run through the cavernous sinus?

A

The occulomotor CNIII, the trochlear nerve CNIV, the opthalmic and maxillary divisons of the trigeminal CNV and the abducent nerve CNVI

28
Q

What is the function of the trochlear nerve?

A

Somatic motor to one extraocular muscle, the superior oblique

29
Q

What is special about the route to the trochlear nerve?

A

Is the only CN to arise from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem, and has the longest intracranial route of all the CNS

30
Q

What are some of the features of a trochlear CNIV nerve palsy?

A

Rare and subtle, can often be corrected with a tilt of the head, diploia which is worse on a downward gase, and head injury or any caused of raised intercranil pressure can stretch the nerve, and there are also some forms of congential palsy

31
Q

How would you examine the trigeminal nerve?

A

Testing the sensory supply by asking the paitent to close their eyes and applying a bud to the area that is supplied by all three branches, testing the motor supply and also testing the corneal reflex

32
Q

What are some of the examples of pathologies of the trigemnial nerve?

A

Trigmeinal neiralaiga produces excruiting, episodic pain that is usually affected by the eyes maxillary and manibular divsion

33
Q

What is the corneal reflex?

A

The involuntary blinding to the eyelids, stimulate by tactice thermal or paniful stimulation of the cornea, and is carried by the trigeminal nerve

34
Q

What is the function of the abducens nerve, CNVI?

A

Somatic motor to one extraocular muscle, the lateral rectus

35
Q

What can cause pathology of the abducens nerve?

A

Any patholgoy that leads to downard pressure on the brainstem can lead to the nerve being stretched along the skulkl, diabetic neurpathopathy and thromboepihilitis of the cavrnous sinus.

36
Q

How would a patient with damage to the abducens nerve present?

A

Diploia and a medially rotated eyeball, that is abducted passt the mdiline,

37
Q

What are the functions of the facial nerve CNVII?

A

Motor- to the muscles of facial expression, the posterior belly of digastirc and the stylohayoid and stapedius
Special sensory- the naterior 2/3 of toungue
Parasymptaheic- many of the glands of te neck including the submnadibular and the sublingual salviary glands, and the

38
Q

What would be some of the features of a pathology of the facial nerve?

A

Muscles of facial expression will be paralysed or severly weakened, and can depend on the branch that is affected:
Chorda tympani- reduced salivation and loss of taste on ipsilateral 2/3 of tongue
Nerve to stapedius- ispilateral hyeracusis

39
Q

What can be some of the extracranial causes of lesions of the facila nerve?

A

Partoid gland patholgoy, and has a close relaitonship with vestibulocochelar nerve

40
Q

What are the functions of the vestibulocochlear nerve CNVIII?

A

Vestibular fibres that are involved in controlling balance and cochlear fibres that are involved in hearing

41
Q

What are some of the different pathologies of the vestibulocochelear nerve?

A

Hearing loss,
Vertigo/ tinnitus,- vertigo is a hallinincation of movement involving a perosn or environment, often accompanied by nausea or vomiting, ]acoutsi neruonemen- is a slow growing benign tumour of the neurolemma, and beginas in the ventsibular nerve iwht it is in internal acoutis meatus

42
Q

What are the functions of the glossopharngeal nerve CNIX?

A

Sensory- innnervates the oropharync, the cartoid body and sinus, the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, the middle ear cavity and the eustachain tube,
Parasympatheci innervation to the partoid gland
Motor the stlyopharngues muscle of the pharnx

43
Q

What are the afferent and the efferent limbs of the gag reflex?

A

The affernt limb is the glossopharngeal nerve CNIX and the efferent limb is the vagus nerve

44
Q

What is the function of the vagus nerve CNX?

A

Associated with the derivatives of the fourth pharngeal arch
Sensory- innervates the skin of the external acoustix meatus, and the internal surfaces of the larnygopharng and the laynra
Specail sensory- taste sensation to the epiglottis and the roof of tongue
Parasympatheic- smooth msucle of the trachea, brochi and the GI tract

45
Q

What is the route of the vagus nerve outside the brain?

A

Passess into the carotid sheath in the neck, and futher down the right gauus nerve passess anterior to the subclavia, and the let vagus nerve passess inferiorly between left common cartoid and the left subclavian ateries

46
Q

What is the function of the spinal accessory nerve CNXI?

A

Motor to the sternocleidomastd and the trapezius,

47
Q

What area in the neck does the accessory nerve run through?

A

The posterior triangle

48
Q

What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve CNXII?

A

Motor innervation for the vast majority of muscles in the tongue,.

49
Q

What are some of the causes of injury to the hypoglossal nerve??

A

Possible causes are tumours, and penetrating traumatic injuries, and accompanied by acute pain may be caused by dissection of the internal cartoid

50
Q

What are some of the features of injury to the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Will cause weakness and atrophy of the tongue muscles on the ispilateral side and there will be deviation towards the damaged side

Head And Neck (15 decks)

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