adrenocortical hormones

Question 1

2 distinct parts of adrenal gland

Answer 1

inner adrenal medulla

outer adrenal cortex

Question 2

adrenal medulla secretes

Answer 2

epinephrine and

norepinephrine

Question 3

adrenal cortex secretes

Answer 3

corticosteroids

Question 4

primary corticosteroids secreted by adrenal cortex

Answer 4

mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
sex hormones

Question 5

3 distinct layers of adrenal cortex

Answer 5

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

Question 6

major product of z. glomerulosa

Answer 6

aldosterone

Question 7

primary contollers of aldosterone secretion

Answer 7

angiotensin II and potassium

Question 8

why zona glomerulosa can’t synthesize cortisol or sex hormones

Answer 8

it lacks enzyme 17 hydrolase

Question 9

z fasciculata secretes

Answer 9

glucocorticoids and corticosterone

Question 10

major controller of cortisol secretion

Answer 10

ACTH

Question 11

z. reticularis secretes

Answer 11

sex hormones and some glucocorticoids

Question 12

most prevalent adrenal androgens

Answer 12

dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione

Question 13

adrenocortical hormones are synthesized from

Answer 13

cholesterol

Question 14

rate limiting step in the synthesis of adrenocortical hormones

Answer 14

side chain cleavage of cholesterol to form pregnenolone

Question 15

conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone occursin

Answer 15

ER or mito

Question 16

adrenocortical hormones are bound to

Answer 16

plasma proteins

Question 17

cortisol is bound to pp esp

Answer 17

transcortin or corticosteroid binding globulin

Question 18

what is the result of the high degree of binding of cortisol to pp

Answer 18

it has a long half life

Question 19

half life of aldosterone

Answer 19

20 minutes

Question 20

primary mineralocorticoid secreted by adrenal cortex

Answer 20

aldosterone

Question 21

enzyme present in the kidneys that converts cortisol to cortisone

Answer 21

11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Question 22

effect of aldosterone in sodium and potassium

Answer 22

it increases sodium reabsorbtion and potassium secretion

Question 23

aldosterone and other mineralocorticoids act on ______ to increase Na reabsortpion and K secretion

Answer 23

distal nephron esp. the principal cells of collecting duct

Question 24

why is there a lag time between exposure of to aldosterone and its onset of action

Answer 24

because protein synthesis is required to mediate the tubular actions of aldosteron

Question 25

Na reabsortption and K secretion occurs after what event

Answer 25

it occurs after binding of aldosterone to intracellular receptors and subsequent synthesis of proteins

Question 26

as sodium is reabsorbed under the influence of aldosterone, there is enhanced ___________

Answer 26

tubular secretion of K ions

Question 27

aldosterone also causes secretion of _____ in exchange for Na in the intercalated cells of the _______

Answer 27

H ions; cortical collecting tubules

Question 28

Aldosterone increases Na reabsorption from the _____ and promotes K excretion in the ______

Answer 28

colon; feces

Question 29

angiotensin II stimulates the cells of

Answer 29

z. glomerulosa

Question 30

the effect of A II is meiated vie

Answer 30

increments in intracellular levels of Ca and phosphatidyl inositol products diacylglycerol and inosital 3P

Question 31

2nd msgers activate protein kinase C which in turn stimulates

Answer 31

early and late steps in biosynthesis is aldosterone

Question 32

control of aldesterone secretion by A II is closely linked to the regulation of

Answer 32

ECF volume and arterial pressure

Question 33

RAS is activated in the presence of

Answer 33

hypovolemia and hypotension

Question 34

increase in plasma K conc increase adlosterone secretion by

Answer 34

depolarizing the cell mem, opening Ca channels thereby increasing intracellular Ca conc

Question 35

Inc in K conc increase aldosterone secretion which in turn stimulates

Answer 35

tubular secretion of K

Question 36

if ACTH is chronically deficient, aldosterone response to ________ and_______ is diminished

Answer 36

A II and K

Question 37

high plasma levels of ACTH stimulates

Answer 37

aldosterone secretion

Question 38

effects of cortisol on metabolism

Answer 38

1. decreases protein stores in extrahepatic tissues
2. increase blood glucose conc
3. plays an important role in mobilization of FA from adipose tissue

Question 39

how does cortisol decrease protein stores

Answer 39

it decreases amino acid uptake and inhibits protein synthesis, at the same time it increases protein degradation

Question 40

what is the result of the catabolic and antianabolic effects of cortisol

Answer 40

AA increases in the blood and are taken up in the liver where they are converted to glucose and proteins including gluconeogenic enzymes

Question 41

how does cortisol increase blood glucose conc

Answer 41

it increases gluconeogenesis and it impairs the utilization of glucose in peripheral tissues

Question 42

what is the role of cortisol on mobilization of FA

Answer 42

it allows other liplytic hormones (epinephrine and GH) to mobilize FA from lipid stores

Question 43

physical and mental stress increases ACTH secretion which in turn

Answer 43

stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

Question 44

large doses of glucocorticoids decrease the

Answer 44

inflammatory response

Question 45

effects of glucocorticoids in the inflammatory response

Answer 45

1. inhibition of phospholipase
2. stabilization of lysosomal membranes
3. suppresion of the immune system
4. inhibition of fibroblastic activity