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Sociology > Final Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Define Randomization / Random Sampling,

Why is it used by social scientists?

A
  • subjects must be randomly assigned the experimental group and the control group.
  • used to eliminate any possibly biases in an experiment
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2
Q

Ethnocentrism
vs.
Cultural Relativism

A

Ethnocentrism: judging of other cultures in terms of the standards of one’s own

Cultural Relativism: the practice of judging a society by its own standards

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3
Q

Main points of Conflict Theory

A
  1. Conflict is inevitable in society
  2. scarce resources become the source of conflict
    - status/prestige
    - wealth
    - power
  3. order is imposed in society by the powerful classes
  4. dominated classes have false consciousness
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4
Q 
Norm
vs.
Folkway
vs.
Taboo
A
  • Norms: shared rules or guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior
  • Folkway: conformity is somewhat expected. (ex. do not pick nose in public)
  • Taboo: conformity is highly expected (ex. no cannibalism)

*Folkway and Taboo are types of norms

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5
Q

Causality

*3 necessary criteria

A

Causality: relationship between cause and effect

  1. correlation - when one variable changes the other must change as well
  2. time order - the independent variable needs to change before dependent variable changes
  3. rule out spuriousness - other explanations for changes in the dependent variable must be ruled out
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6
Q

Independent Variable
vs.
Dependent Variable
(provide examples)

A
  • INDEPENDENT: believed to cause changes in the dependent variable;
  • DEPENDENT: depends on changes in the independent variable in order to change
  • example: Does heating water allow it to dissolve more sugar?
  • independent: temperature of water
  • dependent: amount of sugar that dissolves completely
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7
Q

What are Manifest and Latent Functions?

A
  • Manifest Functions: intended and obvious functions

- Latent Functions: unintended and often unrecognized functions

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8
Q

What did Karl Marx mean by his term ‘false consciousness’?

A

state of mind that prevents a person from recognizing the injustice of their current situation; prevents individuals from taking action to improve their lives

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9
Q

Ascribed
vs.
Achieved Status
(examples)

A
  • Ascribed: status one is born into; ex. gender, race

- Achieved: status that is achieved; ex. occupation

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10
Q

What is a role?

What are the various role concepts?

A
  • socially defined expectations of an individual in a given status

A. role taking: process of taking on expectations of a role
B. role conflict: expectations of two or more roles are in conflict
C. role ambiguity: expectations of a role are not clear
D. role distance: when on distances themselves from the expectations of a role
E. role making: creation of expectations for a role

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11
Q

What is the theory of social stratification in society?

A

structured inequalities; the ranking or rating of people into social strata

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12
Q

Play Stage
vs.
Game Stage
of development

A
  • Play: (2-5 yrs) children start role-playing, taking on role of significant people in their life
  • Game: (5-11 yrs) children learn their role in relation to others and how to take on the role of everyone else in a game
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13
Q

Define Socialization

A

social process through which we become aware of social norms and values

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14
Q

Describe Gilligan’s theory of gender socialization:

A

women’s views of themselves are based on successfully fulfilling the needs of others, rather than on pride in individual achievement.

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15
Q

Define Glass Ceiling and Glass Escalator (with examples)

A
  • glass ceiling: invisible promotion barrier that prevents women from moving up the corporate ladder; ex. a woman who has better skills, talent, and education than her male peers but is obviously being passed over for promotions.
  • glass escalator: quick rise of men to top of female dominated occupations; ex. stereotypes about men’s masculinity results in them being viewed as more natural leaders
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16
Q

Define Assimilation

A

the acceptance of a minority group by a majority population in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture

17
Q

What is Karl Marx interpretation of the major function of religion in society?

A

“opium of the masses”;
religion is expression of material realities + economic injustice;
problems in religion are problems in society

18
Q

What societies have the least and most inequality?

A

LEAST INEQUALITY: Primitive hunting/gathering societies

MOST INEQUALITY: Industrial societies

19
Q

How can Broken window theory be used to reduce crime?

A
  • signs of social disorder is a community encourages serious crime to occur
  • if petty crime is eliminated, harder crime will decrease
20
Q

What are the major branches of the feminist movement in the US?

A
  • Liberal: pass laws to prevent discrimination against women
  • Marxist: eliminate social class inequality and gender inequality will also disappear
  • Radical: deep rooted oppression in all aspects off life; work, family, media, sports, government, religion, etc.
21
Q

Define Anomie

A

exists when no clear standards or expectations are present to guide behavior

22
Q

What are the five reactions to Anomie (when social goals are not attainable)?

A
  1. Conformist: accepts goals and means to achieve them
  2. Innovators: accepts goals but use illegal means to achieve them
  3. Ritualists: conform to goals and means but lose sight of why
  4. Retreatists: reject goals and means but retreat
  5. Rebels: rejet goals and means but substitute new ones
23
Q

how do sociologists apply differential association when studying deviance?

A
  • criminal behavior is learned within primary groups, such as peers; deviants are not crazy
24
Q

Define Urbanization

A

the process of people leaving the countryside to live in cities; population of cities increases, while population in countryside decreases

25
Q

Statistical vs. Cultural norms

A

STATISTICAL: norms that exist due to study of the population
CULTURAL: norms that people believe/expect to exist

26
Q 
In-group
vs.
Out-group
vs.
Primary group
A

In-group: social group which the person feels they belong to
Out-group: social group which the person feels they do NOT belong to
Primary group: groups where people share close, personal relationships

27
Q

What is the hidden curriculum in schools?

A

the traits of behavior or attitudes that are learned at school but not included in the formal curriculum; ex. gender differences

28
Q

what does the social control theory say about deviance?

A

views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses towards criminal activity and controls that deter it

29
Q

What is the demographic transition and what countries have completed it?

A

states that a stable ratio of births to deaths is achieved once a certain level of economic prosperity has been reached; ex. United States, Japan

30
Q

What is cultural capital?

A

the advantages that well-to-do parents usually provide their children

31
Q

Smelser’s value added theory of collective behavior. Know the elements and how it applies.

A

based on the assumption that certain conditions are needed for the development of a social movement
A. Structural Conduciveness: refers to the social conditions promoting/inhibiting formation of social movements
B. Structural Strain: tensions that produce conflicting interests
C. Generalized Beliefs: definite ideologies that create complaints/upset and suggest solutions to fix the upset
D. Precipitating Factors: events that trigger direct action by those involved in the movement
E. Leaderships/Communication
F. Operation of Social Control: response to the social movement

32
Q

What are the USA population trends going to be for racial/ethnic groups in the year 2050?

A

increase in hispanic population

decrease in white population

33
Q

Deviance, what is it, how does it vary and why.

A

Deviance: non-conformity to a given set of norms; varies between different cultures

Sociology (9 decks)

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