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Personality Theory > Chapter 9: Phenomenological Perspective > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Phenomenological Perspective Flashcards

1
Q

Major Assumption

A
  • every person is unique
  • emphasis on subjective experience of each person: objective reality is not as important as subjective
  • self-determination is part of human nature: freedom and power to choose
  • all humans are basically good: strive for growth, perfection
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2
Q

Humanism: Carl Rogers

A
  • dislikes psychoanalysis: negative, ineffective
  • developed rogerian therapies: person-centered approach
  • humans are inherently good
  • focus on conscious processes and ability for self-direction
  • humans are driven towards positive growth and actualization: tendency to improve
  • process occurs naturally if there are no opposing influences
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3
Q

Self-Actualization

A
  • leads to: autonomy, self-sufficiency, sense of wholeness and integration
  • fully functioning person: open to experience, trust feelings: not afraid of new feelings and experiences
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4
Q

Need for Positive Regard

A
  • humans are motivated by need for positive regard: love acceptance, friendship, affection
  • unconditional positive regard: no strings attached: parental love
  • conditional positive regard: must meet conditions of worth
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5
Q

Conditional Self-Regard

A

may interfere with self-actualization of behaviors, values, and goals that must be adapted to meet conditions of worth conflict with those that would achieve self-actualization
- often we underestimate our meaningfulness to significant others

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6
Q

Self-Determination Theory

A
  • growth (self-actualization) and healthy personality can only be achieved if three needs are met:
    1. competence
    2. relatedness
    3. autonomy
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7
Q

Competence

A

need to be effective when dealing with environment

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8
Q

Relatedness

A

need to interact, relate and connect with others

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9
Q

Autonomy and Self-Determination

A

need to be in charge of own life

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10
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

drive to seek out challenges and accomplishments

  • leads to feelings of competence
  • enhanced by praise
  • diminished by negative feedback
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11
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

comes from external sources

- varies depending on the degree that external demands, rules, or rewards are introjected

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12
Q

Humanistic Psychology and the Self

A
  • Rogers: self-theorist
  • sense of self develops gradually as infants learn to differentiate self from others
  • self refers to both subjective experience of being, and your self-concept: ideal self vs. actual self
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13
Q

Humanistic Psych and Maladjustment

A
  • incongruity: disorganization, breakdown in wholeness of integration of self
  • conflict between ideal and actual self may lead to low self-esteem
  • result: pessimism, relationship problems, depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation
  • defense: rationalization, denial
  • defense attempt to protect and enhance self-esteem
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14
Q

Abraham Maslow

A
  • studied motivation: believed that motivational needs form a hierarchy
  • needs vary in power
  • bottom needs must be satisfied first
  • higher needs cannot be satisfied with first satisfying lower needs
  • higher needs are not necessary for survival but are necessary for self-actualization
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15
Q

Hierarchy of Needs

A
  1. physiological needs
  2. love and safety needs
  3. esteem needs
  4. self-actualization
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16
Q

Revised Hierarchy of Needs

A
  1. physiological needs
  2. love and safety needs
  3. esteem needs
  4. cognitive needs
  5. aesthetic needs
  6. self-actualization
  7. transcendence needs
17
Q

Self-Actualizers are:

A
  • efficient in perceiving reality
  • accepting of self and others
  • spontaneous and sincere
  • problem focused
  • independent
  • philosophical
  • creative, inventive
  • related
18
Q

Personal Constructs

A
  • assumption: emphasis on subjective experience of each person
  • Kelly 1950’s
  • humans are natural scientists: need to understand the world
  • construct a personal view of the world: personal constructs (beliefs, perceptions, own theories)
19
Q

Personal Construct System

A
  • own history

- own predisposition to perceive

20
Q

The Fundamental Postulate

A
  • human actions are determined by the constructs they use to anticipate or predict events
  • some are unconscious and automatic
  • some are conscious
21
Q

Constructive Alternativism

A
  • all events are open to interpretation
  • people develop constructs about the world based on interpretation
  • people decide which construct to apply to different situations
  • people can alter events by reconstructing them
22
Q

How are Constructs used?

A
  • constructs lead to hypotheses about how an event will happen
    1. apply construct
    2. test hypothesis
    3. confirmed: retain construct for future
    4. disconfirmed: revise or abandon construct
  • predictive efficiency: degree to which constructs predict correctly
  • constructs are based on recurring themes: no two experiences are identical
23
Q

Social Relationships and Constructs

A
  • to built relationships, must attempt to understand the construct system of others (eg. psychologist)
  • role taking: who am I to this person? what do they expect of me? how must I behave for mutual understanding?
24
Q

Core Roles

A
  • major determinant for identity
  • daughter, sister, wife, psychologist…
  • failure to fulfill core role: results in guilt
25
Q

Existential Perspective

A

each person is responsible for finding the meaning in life: emphasizes choice and free will

26
Q

Existential Dilemma

A
  • death is inevitable
  • awareness of unavoidable death: anxiety, concern of meaningful and fulfilling lives
  • every human has the choice: retreat or advance, to be or not to be
27
Q

Assessment Phenomenological Approach

A
  • structured methods contradict that every human is unique

- interview method is preferred

28
Q

Humanistic and Existentialist Therapies

A
  • client-centered therapies
  • provides nurturing environment and unconditional positive regard
  • nonevaluative: reflective listening
  • nondirective: never tells the client what they should do: find own solution
  • helps client accept responsibility for their lives
29
Q

Source of Maladjustment

A
  • incongruity
  • existential anxiety
  • failure to self-actualization
30
Q

Problems with Humanistic and Existential Approaches

A
  • little scientific research: in the past, existentialist and humanists have been opposed to research
  • neither perspective accepted in DSM-V

Personality Theory (16 decks)

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