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AP Biology > Plant Structure & Growth > Flashcards

Plant Structure & Growth Flashcards

1
Q

A plant from the arid southwestern United States will most least likely have adapted _____ in response to water shortages?

A

development of large leaf surfaces to absorb water

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2
Q

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?

A

Root Hairs

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3
Q

An evolutionary adaptation that increases exposure of a plant light in a dense forest is

A

apical dominance

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4
Q

A person working with plants may remove apical dominance by..

A

pruning.

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5
Q

What effect does “pinching back” have on a houseplant?

A

produces a plant that will grow fuller

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6
Q

Land plants do not have ______ tissue type?

A

mesodermal

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7
Q

Vascular plant tissue does not include what cell type?

A

cambium cells

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8
Q

Which functional plant cells lack a nucleus?

A

Both Xylem and Sieve-tube cells

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9
Q

What is a tracheid?

A

A long, thin tapered cell with lignified cell walls that function in support and permit water to flow through plants

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10
Q

What are sieve cells?

A

Living cells that lack nuclei and ribosomes; they transport sugars and other organic nutrients

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11
Q

What are parenchyma?

A

The least specialized plant cells, they serve general metabolic, synthetic, and storage functions

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12
Q

What are collenchyma?

A

Cells with unevenly thickened primary walls that support still-elongating parts of plant

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13
Q

What are sclerenchyma?

A

Mature cells without protoplasts with thick, lignified secondary walls that may or may not function in transport

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14
Q

Parenchyma cells are not characterized by..

A

little metabolism and synthesis

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15
Q

What are the walls of collenchyma like?

A

Unevenly thick, living/flexible

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16
Q

The fiber cells of plants are a type of

A

sclerenchyma

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17
Q

What is the stele?

A

The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root

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18
Q

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that

A

a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent in roots.

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19
Q

The photosythetic cells in the interior of a leaf are what kind of cells?

A

Parenchyma

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20
Q

A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are these?

A

Parenchyma

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21
Q

The best word to describe the growth of plants in general is

A

indeterminate

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22
Q

Secondary growth in plants is produced by..

A

both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium

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23
Q

If a plant has a taproot system with growth rings evident in cross section and a layer of bark around the outside how would it be described?

A

Woody Eudicot

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24
Q

The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is due primarily to..

A

elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem.

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25
Q

Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to

A

cell ELONGATION localized in each INTERNODE

26
Q

How do axillary buds develop?

A

From meristematic cells left by the apical meristem.

27
Q

Gas exchange, necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf tissue?

A

spongy mesophyll

28
Q

What is the order of parts of a growing primary root from the growing tips of the root upward?

A

Root Cap - Apical Meristem - Zone of Cell Division - Zone of Elongation - Zone of Cell maturation

29
Q

Some root epidermal cells form hairs/some dont; floating leaves of Cabomba have a different shape than submerged leaves; some shoot epidermal cells form stomate/some don’t ; All of these illustrate what idea?

A

The fate of a cell is a direct result of its position

30
Q

What gives rise to lateral roots?

A

Pericycle

31
Q

A leaf primordium is initiated as a small mound of tissue on the flank of a dome-shaped shoot apical meristem. The earliest physical evidence of the site of a newly forming leaf primordium would be

A

pre-prophase bands parallel to the surface of the meristem in subsurface cells of the shoot apical meristem

32
Q

Pores on the leaf surface of that function in gas exchange are

A

stomate

33
Q

True or False: Some plants lack secondary growth

A

True

34
Q

True or False: Companion cells form the secondary xylem and phloem

A

False

35
Q

If you put a nail in the trunk of a baby tree that is 1.5 from the ground, 15 years later how far from the ground will the nail be?

A

1.5 – It will not move

36
Q

What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?

A

Secondary Xylem

37
Q

What does the vascular system of a three-year-old eudicot stem consist of?

A

3 rings of xylem and 1 of phloem

38
Q

What are the layers of the stem of a large redwood tree (working outward)?

A

The annual rings, phloem, and bark.

39
Q

True or False: Bark is composed of phloem plus periderm

A

True

40
Q

Why does bark become scaly?

A

The cork cambium divides only parallel to the surface, and thus does not increase in circumference.

41
Q

If the bark were removed from a cherry tree and then left for several weeks, which tissue was functional?

A

The Xylem

42
Q

Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells?

A

Vascular Cambium

43
Q

If an RNA prode produces colored spots in the sepals of a plant what can be inferred?

A

The RNA probe is specific to a gene active in sepals

44
Q

Before differentiation can begin during the process of plant cell and tissue culture, parenchyma cells from the source tissue must

A

undergo dedifferentiation

45
Q

When is the polarity of a plant established?

A

When the Zygote divides.

46
Q

Totipotency in plants means that

A

Cell differentiation depends largely on the control of gene expression

47
Q

If a feeding insect destroys only the very central portion of a developing flower bud..

A

Carpels will not form in the developing flower.

48
Q

In leaves, chloroplasts are found where?

A

Palisa de mesophyll

49
Q

What provides cells for secondary growth?

A

Vascular Cambium

50
Q

Where does secondary growth never occur?

A

Leaves

51
Q

How is the supply of vascular cambium maintained?

A

By the DIVISION of cells

52
Q

What provides cells for primary growth?

A

Apical meristems

53
Q

True or False: Companion cells are in the Ground Tissue tissue system

A

False

54
Q

Where would a vessel cell likely lose its protoplast (in a zone of growth in a root)?

A

Zone of Maturation

55
Q

Wood consists of

A

Secondary Xylem

56
Q

True or False: Secondary Xylem is part of an older tree’s bark

A

False

57
Q

The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to mature vegetative phase is often signaled by what?

A

A change in the morphology of the leaves that are produced

58
Q

The Secondary Xylem, Leaves, trichomes, and tubers all arise from what?

A

Meristematic Activity

59
Q

Why does removal of the snapdragon’s top cause more flowers to form?

A

Removal of an apical meristem causes OUTGROWTH of lateral buds that produce extra branches, which ultimately produce flowers.

60
Q

Vessel Element is to Xylem as ______ is to phloem?

A

Sieve-tube member

61
Q

The type of mature cell that a particular embryonic plant cell will become appears to be determined by what?

A

The cell’s final position in a developing organ

AP Biology (2 decks)

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