Secularization and Religious Alternatives Flashcards

1
Q

Who wrote “Black America Begins to Doubt”?

A

George S. Schuyler

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2
Q

What was “Black America Begins to Doubt”?

A

An essay in “The American Mercury”

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3
Q

What was “The American Mercury”?

A

A magazine founded by H.L. Mencken & George Jean Nathan

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4
Q

Who was George S. Schuyler?

A
  • AA Author, journalist, and social commentator

- Socialist turned conservative

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5
Q

In “Black America Begins to Doubt”, what was on the decline?

A

The Church

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6
Q

According to “Black America Begins to Doubt”, what evidence was there that the Church was on the decline?

A
  • Membership at a standstill
  • Financial support withdrawn
  • Prestige waned
  • General criticism
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7
Q

In “Black America Begins to Doubt”, why is the rural negro church slowly dying?

A
  • Ignorant & incompetent preachers
  • Migration
  • Extension of the rural school system
  • Cheap & speedy transportation
  • Fewer youthful recruits
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8
Q

According to “Black America Begins to Doubt”, what is the purpose of the Negro church?

A

Keep the negroes docile

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9
Q

What do preachers condemn, according to “Black America begins to doubt”?

A

Everything not precisely in accordance with the orthodoxy they preach

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10
Q

In “Black America Begins to Doubt”, how have newspapers aided the decline of the Church?

A

Dissemination of AA news

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11
Q

What do atheists demand, according to “Black America Begins to Doubt”?

A

Why Negroes should revere a God who permits them to be lynched, Jim-Crowed, and disenfranchised

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12
Q

Who will win over the atheists, warns “Black America Begins to Doubt”?

A

The communists

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13
Q

What was “Garveyism”?

A
  • Movement led by Marcus Garvey
  • Black nationalism
  • Charismatic messianism
  • Emotional commitment to vision of returning to Africa
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14
Q

What shipping company ran from 1919-1922?

A

Black Star Line

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15
Q

Who was prosecuted for Mail Fraud in 1923?

A

Marcus Garvey

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16
Q

Where was Marcus Garvey born and brought up?

A

Jamaica

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17
Q

When did Marcus Garvey emigrate from Jamaica to USA?

A

1916

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18
Q

According to Marcus Garvey, who were his main enemies in Jamaica?

A

The “Colored gentry”

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19
Q

According to Marcus Garvey, what event aroused racial consciousness in the West Indies?

A

The British army rejecting many black officers in WWI

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20
Q

What organisation did Marcus Garvey found?

A

The Universal Negro Improvement Association

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21
Q

What was the paper of the UNIA?

A

“The Negro World”

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22
Q

According to Marcus Garvey, what does he believe in the purity of?

A

Both races: dangerous to encourage miscegenation

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23
Q

What did Marcus Garvey believe that black people should have?

A

A country of their own

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24
Q

Who wrote “Organized Religion and the Cults”?

A

Miles Fischer

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25
Q

What was “Organized Religion and the Cults”?

A

An article in “The Crisis”

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26
Q

What was “The Crisis”?

A

The official magazine of the NAACP, founded in 1910

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27
Q

Who was Miles Fischer?

A

Professor of Church History at Shaw University and pastor of White Rock Baptist Church

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28
Q

What was the purpose of the “Organized Religion and the Cults” article?

A

Advocate for the inclusion of other religious movements to be included in the 1936 “Census of Religious Bodies”

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29
Q

According to “Organized Religion and the Cults”, what were cults?

A

Faith-healing groups and individual prophets

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30
Q

In “Organized Religion and the Cults”, who could not compete successfully with the cults?

A

The mainstream denominations

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31
Q

According to “Organized Religion and the Cults”, what could 3 things could the mainstream learn from the cults?

A
  1. Mixed congregations
  2. Simplicity & Intelligence
  3. Equality for women
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32
Q

Who wrote “Black Judaism in Harlem”?

A

Rabbi Matthew

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33
Q

What was “Commandment Keepers”?

A

Rabbi Matthew’s version of orthodox Judaism for blackd in 1919

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34
Q

Who did Rabbi Matthew try to connect with?

A

The Falashas of Ethiopia

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35
Q

According to Rabbi Matthew, what were black Jews?

A

The chosen people of God (White Jews were spurious)

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36
Q

What did Rabbi Matthew call the enthusiastic pentecostal worship style?

A

“Niggeritions”

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37
Q

In “Black Judaism in Harlem”, who were the two classes of men?

A

Sons of God and the sons of men

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38
Q

According to “Black Judaism in Harlem”, who created the Falashas?

A

Solomon married the Queen of Sheba

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39
Q

What details does “Black Judaism in Harlem” set out?

A
  • Curriculum of the Ethiopian Hebrew Rabbinical College of the Royal Order of Ethiopian Hebrews and the Commandment Keepers Congregation of the Living God, Inc.
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40
Q

Who wrote “The Realness of God”?

A

Father Divine

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41
Q

What did Father Divine’s followers believe about him?

A

He was God incarnate in a human body, who never taught or represented a single race, but was father of one worldwide family

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42
Q

What event helped convince Father Divine’s followers of his divinity?

A

June 7 1932: Judge who sentenced him for disturbing the peace died of a hear attack

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43
Q

What did Father Divine put emphasis on?

A
  • His powers of omnipotence
  • Victory over death and sickness
  • Virtues of a celibate life
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44
Q

In “The Realness of God”, what is the realness of God not confined to?

A
  • One place geographically

- One apparent personality

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45
Q

In “The Realness of God”, what is essential for the realness of God?

A

That it is received

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46
Q

Who wrote “Elder Lucy Smith”?

A

Herbert Morrison Smith

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47
Q

Who was Elder Lucy Smith?

A
  • A pentecostal fait healer in Chicago
  • Pastor of All Nations Pentecostal Church
  • Conducted Weekly Radio Broadcasts
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48
Q

What was “Elder Lucy Smith”?

A

Essay part of a thesis presented to the Divinity School at the University of Chicago

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49
Q

What are the five sections of “Elder Lucy Smith”?

A
  1. Environment
  2. The Building
  3. The Congregation
  4. The Service
  5. Pastor Portrait
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50
Q

In “Elder Lucy Smith”, what is the congregation divided into?

A

2 groups: saints and sinners

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51
Q

Who wrote “Self-Government in the New World”?

A

Wallace Muhammad

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52
Q

Who established the Lost-Found Nation of Islam in Detroit in 1930?

A

Wallace Fard

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53
Q

Who identified Wallace Fard with Allah after his disappearance in 1934?

A

Elijah Muhammad

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54
Q

What 2 groups opposed Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam?

A
  1. Orthodox Muslims- against racial heresies

2. Black Civil Rights Organizations- opposed his separatist philosophy

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55
Q

Who was Wallace Muhammad?

A
  1. 5th son of Elijah Muhammad

2. Took over Nation of Islam after Elijah’s dath in 1975

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56
Q

In an attempt to conform doctrinally, what did Wallace Muhammad demythologise?

A

The Yakub story

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57
Q

In “Self-Government in the New World”, what did Wallace Fard say about the Church?

A

It was a failure in the Black community

- As Black people hated their black skin and any connection with Africa

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58
Q

In “Self- Government in the New World”, what is claimed about Wallace Fard?

A

Still alive

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59
Q

According to “Self-Government in the New World”, what did Wallace Fard recognise about the black race?

A

Too spiritual- wrapped up in the bible

Ignorant of material worth

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60
Q

In “Self-Government in the New World”, what needed to happen first of all?

A

Need to teach the black community to be alive in the social and spiritual reality

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61
Q

What was “Darrow’s Speech Divides Harlem”?

A

A newspaper report in the Baltimore Afro-American

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62
Q

Who was Clarence Darrow?

A
  • Lawyer & member of the ACLU

- 1625 Scopes “Monkey Trial”

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63
Q

According to “Darrow’s Speech Divides Harlem”, what 2 sides did the crowd divide into?

A
  1. People who would support him no matter what, due to his defence in the Scope trial
  2. Others thought him an infidel
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64
Q

What is the message of the speech in “Darrow’s Speech Divides Harlem”?

A

Negroes need to stop relying on the church and get busy themselves

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65
Q

Who wrote “Observations”?

A

Kelly Miller

66
Q

What was “Observations”?

A

An article in the “Chicago Defender”

67
Q

Who was Kelly Miller?

A
  • “Bard of the Potomac”

- Mathematician, sociologist, essayist, newspaper columnist, and author

68
Q

Where did Kelly Miller stand in the industrial education debate?

A

In between the Niagara Movement and Booker T. Washington

69
Q

Who does “Observations” call out?

A

White and Black religious hypocrites

70
Q

According to “Observations”, what would happen if Christ came back as a black man?

A

He would be denied membership of his own church

71
Q

What does “Observations” call for?

A

The Negro to take the opportunity of white hypocrisy and take up the cross

72
Q

Where was “A Discussion: The Religion of the American Negro” published?

A

The Crisis

73
Q

Who were the two people in “A Discussion: The Religion of the American Negro”?

A
  1. Clarence Darrow

2. Bishop R. E. Jones

74
Q

According to Clarence Darrow in “A Discussion”, what made the AA religious?

A

Bondage: Church taught “servants. obey your master”

75
Q

According to Clarence Darrow in “A Discussion”, which is the only church that doesn’t discriminate?

A

The Catholic Church

76
Q

According to Clarence Darrow in “A Discussion”, what could never be conceived of?

A

That God was black

77
Q

According to Bishop Jones in “A Discussion”, why is it easy to find fault in the church?

A

It is a man-made institution

78
Q

According to Bishop Jones in “A Discussion”, what the church has been what in racial uplift?

A

The most dominant, persistent, and successful

79
Q

According to Clarence Darrow in “A Discussion”, what does the Negro spend too much of his money on?

A

The Church

80
Q

According to Bishop Jones in “A Discussion”, the Negro has gotten more from the Church than what?

A

Politics

81
Q

Who has given Negroes only ‘empty resolutions’, according to Bishop Jones in “A Discussion”?

A

The Republican Party

82
Q

What 6 things has Christianity given the Negro, according to Bishop Jones in “A Discussion”?

A
  1. A start in education
  2. The technique of organisation
  3. Developed leaders
  4. Influenced Negro financial life (influence on business enterprises)
  5. Power of co-operative effort
  6. Source of political strength
83
Q

Who wrote “Things Nobody Believes”?

A

William Pickens

84
Q

Where was “Things Nobody Believes” published?

A

The Messenger

85
Q

Who was William Pickens?

A
  • AA author, educator, journalist, and essayist

- Methodist

86
Q

What did intelligent people no longer believe in “Things Nobody Believes”?

A

1/2 of what an “orthodox” preacher says

87
Q

Who does Pickens call an idiot in “Things Nobody Believes”?

A

A man who believes anything simply because someone believed it 2/3 thousand years ago

88
Q

What are 6 examples in “Things Nobody Believes”?

A
  1. Adam made of nothing, Eve made from Adam’s rib
  2. Mohammed anything more than a strong. energetic, and far from faultless man
  3. Whale swallowed Jonah and he survived
  4. Materialistic heaven somewhere in space
  5. Hell of fire & brimstone
  6. Red sea parted & there was a gigantic flood
89
Q

Who wrote “The God of an Eternal Penitentiary”?

A

E. Ethelred Brown

90
Q

What was “The God of an Eternal Penitentiary”?

A

An article in The Messenger

91
Q

Who was E. Ethelred Brown?

A
  • Jamaican Unitarian
  • Formed the Negro Progressive Association & Secretary for the Jamaican Progressive League
  • 1921: Formed the Harlem Community Church
92
Q

Where does the title of “The God of an Eternal Penitentiary” come from?

A

Robert G. Ingersoll

93
Q

In “The God of an Eternal Penitentiary”, what is God ignorant of?

A

The idea that the punishment must fit the crime

94
Q

According to “The God of an Eternal Penitentiary”, what does not exist?

A

Hell as a real deep pit filled with fire

95
Q

Who wrote “Who is Friend of Negro: God or Darrow”?

A

Rev. A Wendell Ross

96
Q

What was ‘Who is Friend of Negro: God or Darrow”?

A

A newspaper article in the Pittsburgh Courier

97
Q

Who was Rev. A Wendell Ross?

A

Pastor at the Mt. Calvary Baptist Church

98
Q

In “Who is Friend of Negro: God or Darrow”, whose ideas is Rev. A Wendell Ross refuting?

A

J. Louis Clarke, who has taken up the ideas of Darrow

99
Q

According to “Who is Friend of Negro: God or Darrow”, what % of Negro businesses had clerical help?

A

75%

100
Q

According to “Who is Friend of Negro: God or Darrow”, who is a dangerous enemy?

A

Anyone who gets the Negro to turn from the Church, regardless of any other work they do

101
Q

In “Who is Friend of Negro: God or Darrow”, what happens when you start businesses without God?

A

Prostitute the soul to the use of the body

102
Q

In “Who is Friend of Negro: God or Darrow”, what 2 things are in danger of being crowded out by the modern world?

A
  1. God

2. The Soul

103
Q

What is “R. R. Wright Scores Mencken’s Attack on Ministry”?

A

A newspaper article in the Pittsburgh Courier

104
Q

In “R. R. Wright Scores Mencken’s Attack on Ministry”, what does Wright call Mencken?

A

Clever, but no thinker

105
Q

In “R. R. Wright Scores Mencken’s Attack on Ministry”, what is Mencken’s claim?

A

That Negroes have been impoverished because of the Church

106
Q

In “R. R. Wright Scores Mencken’s Attack on Ministry”, what does Wright claim that the church has done?

A

The Church has inspired Negroes to economic independence

107
Q

In “R. R. Wright Scores Mencken’s Attack on Ministry”, what does Wright claim is unique about the Church?

A

The only organisation of Negroes that has tried to save the race as a whole

108
Q

What is “White Minister Quits”?

A

A newspaper article in the “Afro American”

109
Q

Who is the minister in “White Minister Quits”?

A

Adelbert Helm, minister at Bethel Evangelical Church, Detroit

110
Q

Who founded the Bethel Evangelical Church, Detroit?

A

Reinhold Niebuhr

111
Q

In “White Minister Quits”, why did he quit?

A

As a protest against the refusal of the white membership to receive two colored candidates who sought admission to the Christmas class

112
Q

In “White Minister Quits”, why does Helm claim the church doesn’t belong to its members?

A

It is either God’s church or a a convenient city club

113
Q

In “White Minister Quits”, what would Jesus say if he returned?

A

Would call it a city club

114
Q

According to “White Minister Quits”, what is the way to fix the situation?

A

Honest leaders

115
Q

What was “The Christian Religion”?

A

A debate in the North American Review between Robert G. Ingersoll and Jeremiah Black

116
Q

What was the North American Review?

A

1st literary magazine in the USA, founded in 1815

117
Q

Who was Robert G. Ingersoll?

A
  • “The Great Agnostic”
  • Radical views on religion, slavery, & women’s suffrage
  • Advocated Freethought and Humanism
  • Attacked the Doctrine of Hell
118
Q

Who was Jeremiah Black?

A

Attorney General & Secretary of State

119
Q

In “The Christian Religion”, who does Ingersoll claim are trying to set themselves above the pulpit?

A

The pews

120
Q

In “The Christian Religion”, what are three of the fundamental truths of the gospel that Ingersoll set out?

A
  1. There is a personal God, the creator of the material universe
  2. Man created & turned out of the Garden of Eden
  3. Drowned all his children except 8
121
Q

In “The Christian Religion”, who does Ingersoll claim the Old Testament is a product of?

A

A Barbarous People

122
Q

In “The Christian Religion”, what does Ingersoll claim every believer in the bible must declare?

A

That there was a time when slavery was right

123
Q

According to Ingersoll in “The Christian Religion”, what 2 problems are there with the idea that there was no general atonement till Christ?

A
  1. Shedding of innocent animal blood

2. No heaven before atonement: all those who died before Christ went to Hell

124
Q

What is the problem of eternal damnation, according to Ingersoll in “The Christian Religion”?

A

A finite being can neither commit an infinite sin nor a sin against the infinite

125
Q

According to Black in “The Christian Religion”, why is he responding to Ingersoll?

A

Priests have no time: like a policeman silencing a rude disturber

126
Q

What claim of Ingersoll’s about the church does Black refute in “The Christian Religion”?

A

That the church is declining

127
Q

According to Black in “The Christian Religion”, what has changed, if the church is not declining?

A

A change in the methods of attack by people hostile to religion

128
Q

According to Black in “The Christian Religion”, what would happen if you gave Christianity a common trial?

A

The court would rule in its favour

129
Q

Why are we poor critics of God, according to Black in “The Christian Religion”?

A

We have neither the jurisdiction nor the capacity to judge him

130
Q

According to Black in “The Christian Religion”, what is the fundamental problem with Ingersoll’s claim that hell is not just?

A

Justice is obedience to the rule of God, and Ingersoll does not believe in God

131
Q

How does Black refute Ingersoll’s claims about innocent animals in “The Christian Religion”?

A

Ingersoll eats meat

132
Q

According to Black in “The Christian Religion”, what is there no reason to doubt?

A

That the statements of the evangelists are not genuine

133
Q

According to Black in “The Christian Religion”, why can we never understand the spiritual world?

A

All our conceptions of the spiritual world are derived from an analogy to material things

134
Q

Who wrote “Treatise on the Gods”?

A

H. L. Mencken

135
Q

What was the purpose of “Treatise on the Gods”?

A

Survey of the history and philosophy of religion (companion to “Treatise on Right & Wrong”)

136
Q

In “Treatise on the Gods”, what did ancient people not bother with?

A

State of their souls after death

137
Q

In “Treatise on the Gods”, what has modified Christianity?

A

Priestly embellishment

138
Q

According to “Treatise on the Gods”, why were the gospels altered and edited?

A

To bring them into harmony with the developing theology of the infant church

139
Q

In “Treatise on the Gods”, why has there been an attack on the primary assumptions of religion?

A
  • Rapid accumulation of scientific knowledge since 1859

- Proliferation of democracy

140
Q

In “Treatise on the Gods”, who does Mencken call cowards?

A

Scientists who try to prove that they are not at odds with theology

141
Q

What evidence does Mencken cite in “Treatise on the Gods” that the Church supports bad things?

A

Former apologist for slavery

142
Q

According to “Treatise on the Gods”, the idea that science does not concern itself with what is wrong?

A

Origins and causes

143
Q

In “Treatise on the Gods”, what does not necessarily make men better citizens?

A

Religion

144
Q

Who wrote “Postscript”?

A

W. E. B. DuBois

145
Q

What was “Postscript”?

A

The Postscript in The Crisis

146
Q

What does DuBois lament in “Postscript”?

A

The attitude of black ministers in DC towards Darrow

147
Q

According to DuBois in “Postscript”, what are ministers most interested in?

A

Mouthing of creeds and the orthodoxy of men’s beliefs than in the christianity and unselfishness of their deeds

148
Q

According to “Postscript”, why should the ministers accept Darrow?

A

Should accept his inevitable criticism, as they are spending too much on church edifices, and too little on social uplift

149
Q

Who wrote “Intelligent Christianity: Not the Fear of Hell”?

A

William Pickens

150
Q

What was “Intelligent Christianity: Not the Fear of Hell”?

A

An article in The Messenger

151
Q

What is the purpose of “Intelligent Christianity: Not the Fear of Hell”?

A

Answer the preachers who attacked “Things Nobody Believes”

152
Q

According to “Intelligent Christianity: Not the Fear of Hell”, what view do intelligent ministers take?

A

A spiritual view of the ideas set out in “Things Nobody Believes”

153
Q

What does “Intelligent Christianity: Not the Fear of Hell”, call on the young to do?

A

Must not swallow dogmas uncritically

154
Q

Who wrote “Negro Folk Expressions”?

A

Sterling Brown

155
Q

Who was Sterling Brown?

A
  • Professor at Howard University: studied Southern black culture
  • Poet: influenced by content, form, and cadence of AA music
  • Part of the Harlem Renaissance
156
Q

In “Negro Folk Expressions”, what elements of religious songs are mocked in slave seculars?

A

Otherworldiness and bible stories

157
Q

According to “Negro Folk Expressions”, what songs expressed pure Negro bitterness?

A

Work songs & social protest songs

158
Q

In “Negro Folk Expressions”, what 3 things are contributing to the breakup of Negro folk culture?

A
  1. Newspapers (sense of belonging to a wider world)
  2. Migration
  3. Changing industry
159
Q

Who wrote “The Negro’s God as Reflected in his Literature’?

A

Benjamin Mays

160
Q

According to “The Negro’s God Reflected in his Literature”, what 2 things lead to people abandoning God?

A
  1. Cannot rationalize God and the changing social situation

2. Cast aside the white man’s God

161
Q

In “The Negro’s God Reflected in his Literature”, who does James Weldon Johnson have little patience for?

A

Atheist convertors: some people need religion

162
Q

In “The Negro’s God Reflected in his Literature”, who is George S. Schuyler critical of, and who is he not critical of?

A
  • Not critical of those who need religion

- Critical of institutionalised religion