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Geology > Final exm > Flashcards

Final exm Flashcards

1
Q

How do paleontologists classify fossil organisms

A

Unaltered and altered.

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2
Q

What type of diagram is used to determine how related groups of organisms are?

A

Cladogram

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3
Q

How is biological classification different from paleontological classification?

A

x

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4
Q

How does “Lamarckian” evolution propose that life evolves?

A

Long neck giraffes. Slowly and slowly keep stretching necks for ancestors to acquire trait

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5
Q

What percentage of species that have ever lived is extinct?

A

99%

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6
Q

What taxonomy do humans belong to

A

Hominids

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7
Q

Functional Morphology

A

Study of parts of an organism and the roles that they play. Rebuilding parts and seeing if it functions correctly

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8
Q

What fossil evidence is there that dinosaurs parented their young?

A

Foot prints, nests of protecting their eggs

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9
Q

What properties define something as living?

A

metabolism, homeostasis, grow, reproduce, and respond to stimuli

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10
Q

What are the possible locations for the origin of life on earth?

A

geothermal pools, vents in deep ocean, ice caps

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11
Q

How have paleontologists identified the earliest signs of life?

A

Stromatolites-fossilized bacterial mats from ~3.5Ga

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12
Q

What cellular process is involved in sexual reproduction?

A

Miosis and Mitosis

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13
Q

How are prokrotes and eukarotes different

A

Pro have one cell eukarotes are mutli celled

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14
Q

Prosimians

A

The first true primate. Classification of a monkey

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15
Q

Antrhopoids

A

Branched away from Prosimians and eventually became apes and monkeys

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16
Q

Adapiforms

A

x

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17
Q

Omomyiforms

A

x

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18
Q

Plesiadapiforms`

A

Fossils found are mostly teeth and jaws. Were around during the Paleocene. They go extinct at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary

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19
Q

PETM

A

Permian Eocene Temperature Max allowed primates to expand because the temperature rose drastically making the whole planet virtually tropical.

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20
Q

Archaefructus

A

The first documented flowering plant

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21
Q

Proconsol

A

x

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22
Q

Carpolestes

A

x

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23
Q

Coevolution

A

This is the flowering plant and bee example. They help each other evovle

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24
Q

What are the two major groups of primates?

A

Promisians and Anthropods.

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25
Q

What is the oldest primate fossil?

A

archicebus archilles 55MA

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26
Q

When do molecular studies suggest primates actually evolved?

A

65 MA

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27
Q

What type of environment existed right after the Cretaceous extinction?

A

Tropical Warming

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28
Q

What is the PETM and what is the most likely cause for it?

A

The temperature max that allowed the primate families to expand

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29
Q

How did flowering plants and early primates coevolve?

A

They relied on each other so they had to evolve together

30
Q

Early Plesiadapiformes were similar to what modern group of mammals?

A

Tree Shrew

31
Q

What type of environment existed across most of North America during the Eocene?

A

Tropical

32
Q

What two groups of primates dominated the Eocene?

A

Omomyidae and Adapidae

33
Q

What are the derived characteristics of the primates?

A
  • grasping hand with opposable 1st digit
  • flat fingernails instead of claws
  • reduced sense of smell
  • stereoscopic, color vision
  • small litters (usually one offspring at a time)
  • small tits (2)
  • relatively long gestation
  • relatively large brain size to body size ratio
  • teeth evolved for omnivorous diet
34
Q

What 4 groups belong to the hominde

A

Orgatauns
Chimpanzees
Gorillas
Homo

35
Q

What evidence of bipedal hominins is preserved at Laetoli locality? How is it preserved?

A

Preserved their foot prints, of two that were walking side by side; volcanic ash layer preserved the imprints

36
Q

What is wrong with the classic “chimp-to-man” evolutionary graphic?

A

It is not linear from a chimpanzee to a human; chimps share ancestor with us, but we do not evolve directly from them

37
Q

What characteristics do hominins share?

A

Capable of bipedal locomotion; reduction in canine teeth; wage war on other members of it’s species

38
Q

Why is Sahelanthropus tchadensis controversial as an ancestor to the genus Homo?

A

Only skull specimen, completely fragmented and pieced back together, geologically disorted

39
Q

When did the Australopithecines evolve? How are they different from modern humans?

A

3.6 Ma; Different skull with a Protruding jaw; longer arm bones, making it easier to readily go down on all fours; higher, narrow pelvis; Longer femoral neck; Longer big toe splayed

40
Q

How do we know that infant Australopithicines had relatively small heads?

A

Based on the pelvic structures of adult specimen

41
Q

What interesting feature does a Paranthropus robustus preserve? What evidence does it provide as to the death of the individual?

A

Preserved with puncture marks in the eye sockets of the specimen and the leopard that attacked it.

42
Q

What are the two types of Australopithecines? How are they distinguished?

A

Paranthropus and Australopithecus; By their teeth

43
Q

What species represents the earliest ancestors of the genus Homo? How old are they?

A

Homo rudolfensis; 2.3 - 1.8 Ma

44
Q

How did a change in diet help define the modern body shape of Homo sapiens?

A

They need large protein amounts so they can run for dayz

45
Q

When did Homo neanderthalensis go extinct?

A

Climate change; also couldn’t compete with homo sapiens 30,000 YA

46
Q

What is unique about the species Homo floresiensis? When did it live?

A

It is very short; 3.3 feet tall; known as “The Hobbit”; It lived approximately 17,000 Ya

47
Q

What are some of the evolutionary trends from Australopithecus to modern humans?

A

Larger brain size; change in pelvic structure, larger opening to accommodate for larger brain capacity; precise tool making

48
Q

What was the first species of Homo to “talk with a human voice”?

A

Homo Sapiens

49
Q

When did Homo sapiens disperse around the globe, and from where?

A

65,000 years ago; Out of Africa

50
Q

How did tool use change between Homo habilis and Homo sapiens?

A

It became more specialized/precise`

51
Q

Hominidae

A

Enlarged brain, reduced teeth and jaw, flattened face, Expanded “whites of the eyes

52
Q

Hominins

A

bipedal apes with reduced canine teeth; all of our ancestors; capable of bipedal locomotion, when they were on the ground; quadrapedal in the trees; reduction in canine teeth

53
Q

Sahelanthropus

A

oldest example of a POTENTIAL hominin member of the human family tree, in the face

54
Q

Ardipithecus

A

TRUE oldest member of the human family tree; original specimen found between 4.3 5.8 Ma in Ethiopia, different bone/teeth structure; small opposable thumb, big opposable toe; living mostly in the trees, partially bipedal

55
Q

Australopithecine

A

bipedal organisms with a little bit of quadripedal nature

56
Q

Homo rudolfensis

A

2.3 - 1.8 Ma; Kenya; Earliest ancestor of the genus homo

57
Q

Homo habilis

A

2.3 - 1.6 Ma; Tanzania, Kenya

58
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

A

South Africa; 3 - 2 Ma; narrower more delicate skull; slightly shorter arms

59
Q

Homo heidelbergensis

A

slightly smaller brain capacity and slightly furrowed brow 600k-100k YA

60
Q

Homo neanderthalensis

A

250,000 - 30,000 Ya; Europe & Middle East; selective environment produce differences in specimen; big nose

61
Q

Homo Florensis

A

“The Hobbit”; 3.3 feet tall; Approzimately 18,000 Ya;

62
Q

Homo sapiens

A

FIRST APPEARED 195,000 Ya; evolution climatically driven; Derived characteristics- Increased brain size, futher reduction of the mandible, more delicate skeleton, reduced brow, complex language, art & music?

63
Q

What explanations are there for why feather evolved

A

Ecospace, defense, mobility and hunt easier

64
Q

Why did oxygen build up in earths atmosphere

A

Cynobacteria came into existence and that produced oxygen

65
Q

How is the oligocian different than the Eocene? What effect did this have on primates?

A

It is colder and dryer. Most went extinct..some became nocturnal

66
Q

How are Homo sapiens distinguished from other hominids? Other organisms in general?

A
  • larger brain size
  • Mandibal is small (jaw)
  • reduced brow
  • delegate skeleton
  • complex language
67
Q

What methods did Stanley Miller use to investigate origin of life

A

Experimentation

68
Q

What is the oldest evidence for life on earth?

A

3.5 billion years ago prokaryotes

69
Q

What theory explains the presence of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

A

Endocenbiotic theory

70
Q

What type of morphological changes occur as a result of directional selection?

A

Something occurs for a less likely cell to become a dominant trait. (the moths example) `

71
Q

Why was the Piltdown Man hoax effective?

A

People saw us and apes and said wow they look alike

72
Q

What are some of the driving forces for human evolution?

A

Natural selection

Geology (6 decks)

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