5A - Drugs in Sports Flashcards

1
Q

The World Anti-doping Agency (WADA)

A

List of types of drugs banned in all competitions

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2
Q

Drug types banned by WADA - 8

A
  1. Narcotics : morphine, codeine: pain relief, sedation
  2. stimulants: amphetamines, pseudoephedrine , caffeine in excess, etc. : affect fatigue, alertness
  3. Beta -2 agonists (Beta blockers): propanolol (Indural) enhance breathing without increasing heart rate
  4. Diuretics and Masking agents: furosemide: increase elimination and “hide drugs”
  5. Anabolic steroids: Stanozolol & many others, testosterone in excess: increase muscle mass
  6. Hormones and Anabolic proteins: hGH, Erythropoetin (EPO): increase muscle mass, increase O2 uptake (blood dopants)
  7. Anti-estrogenic drugs: Tamoxifen: Increase levels of male hormones (testosterone)
  8. Gluco-corticosteroids: Budesonide: increase stress indurance
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3
Q
  1. What is a masking agent?
A

it can react with the chemical species to be analyzed for (the analyte) to change its properties and thus make it harder to detect

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4
Q
  1. Anabolic steroids
A

By definition: Anabolism means “building up” vs. Catabolism “breaking down”
Probably the most widely used (and abused) by atheletes…..

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5
Q

T/E ratio test

A

testosterone vs. epi-testosterone –> if t is administered, the rate of urinrary t increases and that of e decreases

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6
Q

Side effects of excess testosterone or other anabolics

A

In men: 1.testicular atrophy ( if external testosterone is taken, testes do not need to make it)2. High cholesterol 3. high blood pressure 4. heart attack risks 5. impotence etc..
In women: course skin, decreased breast size, menstrual problems, loss of body curves etc.

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7
Q
  1. Hormones and Anabolic proteins
A

Hormones act as “messengers” in our body (ie intrabody communication)

Human growth hormone (hGH) and EPO (erythropoietin)
Injection of hGH done by athletes in the hope of building more competitive bodies

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8
Q

Intrabody Communication

A

Two major lines of chemical communication between our external and internal environments 1) CNS - neurons/synapses/neurotransmitters 2) Circulatory System - O2 transport, antibodies, hormones, etc.

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9
Q

Hormones = chemical messengers

A

Produced in special(endocrine) glands, transported through circulatory system to other parts of the body (heart, liver, kidneys, etc.) to influence a variety of physiological effects(metabolism, reproduction, growth, etc.)

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10
Q

Blood doping using EPO

A

EPO (Erythropoietin), an anabolic protein, is made naturally in the human kidneys
Increases the blood’s ability to supply oxygen: increases # of red blood cells

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11
Q

Potential dangers of EPO use

A

If natural level of EPO is high, injecting more EPO can thicken the blood to dangerous levels
Increases risk of blood clots in vital organs

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12
Q

Legal supplements for atheletes

A

Creatine, an amino acid (body makes~1-2 gr/day)
Seems to produce an increase in creatine phosphate, which is used to convert ADP to ATP, the main E source for muscle cells
Used medically to treat ALS (degenerative muscle disease)

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13
Q

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

A

As humans age, levels of many hormones change-constant change from birth to death
Men and women have unique issues related to the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen respectively

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14
Q

(HRT) in Males

A

Aging males can get Testosterone (by gel or spray) as a form of HRT
Claimed to reverse diminished libido, restores muscle and bone density

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15
Q

Other issues with Low T products

A

Increased risk of heart attacks and strokes (29% higher than if not using )
Women accidentally exposed can develop male characteristics
Children can experience early puberty if accidentally exposed
Can be expensive (~570$ per month)

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16
Q

HRT for women

A

Menopausal women experience “hot flashes”
Body is reacting to a decreased supply of estrogen
“confused” hypothalamus: part of the brain controlling appetite, sleep, temperature and sex hormones)
Loss of bone density due to decreased estrogen (Calcium supplements needed)

17
Q

What are Phytoestrogens?

A

Chemicals produced by plants (herbs, grains, fruits)

When ingested, mimic or interact with estrogenic hormones in animals (humans!)

18
Q

Estrogen Mimics (Endocrine Disruptors)

A

Some environmental pollutants present in small quantities..mimic the effects of estrogen
Possible contributing cause to breast cancer “epidemic”
ie triclosan (antibacterial agent) present in a.b.soaps, some tooth pastes
Bis Phenol A (BPA) another one. In some plastics

19
Q

Cortisone and Prednisone: Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs (SAID’s)

A

Both cortisone (natural: injected) ) and Prednisone (synthetic: pills) act almost instantaneously to reduce inflammation in joints and other body tissue

20
Q

Many side effects include of SAID

A
Sodium ( hence water)  retention --swelling
Increased appetite
Increased fat deposits
Sweating at night
Acne
Depletion of immune system
Increased sun sensitivity
Increased hair growth
Candida (yeast type infection) growth (oral)
21
Q

Effects of Digoxin (Digitalis)

A

Treatment of irregular heart beat
But Digoxin has a narrow therapeutic index ie.only a small margin between effectiveness and toxicity (recall TI =2!)
Also potentially dangerous interactions with some antibiotics and adrenaline