Week 1 A

Question 1

Carcinogenic vs teratogenic

Answer 1

causes cancer vs causing birth defects

Question 2

Peripheral

Answer 2

at the extremities

Question 3

Peristalsis

Answer 3

rythmic motion of GI system in digestion

Question 4

Synergistic

Answer 4

working together to give super additive effects

Question 5

Tachycardia vs Bradychardia

Answer 5

abnormally fast heart rate vs slow

Question 6

Renal

Answer 6

pertaining to kidneys

Question 7

Visceral

Answer 7

pertaining to internal organs

Question 8

Febrile

Answer 8

feverish

Question 9

Emetic

Answer 9

drug that induces vomiting

Question 10

Antipyretic

Answer 10

drug that reduces fever

Question 11

Analgesic

Answer 11

drug that reduces pain

Question 12

Myo

Answer 12

muscle

Question 13

Intra

Answer 13

within

Question 14

Inter

Answer 14

between

Question 15

Dys

Answer 15

painful,bad,difficult

Question 16

emia

Answer 16

in or of the blood

Question 17

itis

Answer 17

inflammation of

Question 18

ectomy

Answer 18

incision or removal of a part

Question 19

algia

Answer 19

pain in a part –ie neuralgia (nerve pain)

Question 20

uria

Answer 20

in or of the urine

Question 21

Pharmacodymanics

Answer 21

: studies drug actions and effects

Question 22

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 22

studies rates of change of drug concentrations in the body and includes rates of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a drug

Question 23

Drug dependence and Addiction stages

Answer 23

• Occasional use>frequent use>physiological dependence>compulsive use>overwhelming involvement:addiction

Question 24

Criteria for addiction

Answer 24

• Upon termination of the drug’s use, the addict suffers through a withdrawal syndrome (abstinance syndrome)
• This withdrawal crisis can be ended at any time with readministration of the drug
• Physiological changes in the addict’s body require the drug for normal existence (cf. a diabetic requires insulin for normal existence)
• Addicts develop a tolerance for the drug, so that ever-increasing doses are required to achieve the desired efffect

Question 25

3 types of drugs producing withdrawal syndrome

Answer 25

* 1. Depressants : alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates * 2. Opiates: heroin, morphine, methadone * 3. Stimulants: cocaine, amphetamines,caffeine

Question 26

Measuring Drug Effectiveness

Answer 26

* Clinical testing on animals, then diseased patients * Placebo effects * Side effect and overdose monitoring (use volunteers..often prison inmates who can shorten their term by doing this) * Physicians and Pharmaceutical Companies work together (samples given to MD’s by Drug company representatives)

Question 27

holistic medicine

Answer 27

considers emotional, spiritual & psychological factors

Question 28

herbal treatments

Answer 28

some unconventional bee venom, shark cartilege, echinacea –

Question 29

homeopathy

Answer 29

uses tiny doses (sometimes 0 concentration) of active constituent

Question 30

• Naturopathy

Answer 30

:techniques used to restore health rather than to treat a disease

Question 31

Bioelectromagnetic

Answer 31

uses magnets, electrical currents, copper bracelets etc

Question 32

• Body based

Answer 32

can be very useful chiropractic,acupuncture,massage

Question 33

• RECEPTOR SITE THEORY

Answer 33

drugs act at specific locations in tissues and organs

Question 34

Naloxone

Answer 34

used to treat heroin overdoses-binds to the opiate receptor more strongly than heroin --> heroin is the agonist and Naloxone is an antagonist

Question 35

• Morphine and codeine:

Answer 35

extracted from opium poppies

Question 36

• Digitalis

Answer 36

cardioactive steroid from foxglove plant

Question 37

• Insulin

Answer 37

promotes and regulates glucose metabolism:

Question 38

• Thyroxine

Answer 38

regulates overall growth and metabolism

Question 39

• Steroids

Answer 39

biosynthesized in humans from cholesterol :much more on these later!

Question 40

Drugs from gene splicing

Answer 40

* For proteins only * Available via recombinant DNA technology * DNA makes RNA makes protein * Insulin, Human growth hormone (HGH), interferon

Question 41

• Synthesis by organic Chemists!!

Answer 41

* Modifications of naturally occuring materials via synthesis: penicillins from mould, then modified structurally via synthesis * Taxol (anti-cancer drug) Precursor from pacific Yew tree, then modified by synthesis

Question 42

Structure-Activity relationships

Answer 42

* Compounds with similar structures tend to show similar biological activity * Computer assisted modelling of active sites of enzymes: can lead to new drug candidates

Question 43

Alzheimers disease

Answer 43

* Caused by plaque accumulation on brain | * Large scale human trials starting

Question 44

Why dosages are important

Answer 44

• All substances (even pure water) can be toxic ..even lethal–depending on the dose