5A-Pressures and Asthma

Question 1

What is Atmospheric pressure?

Answer 1

The pressure that is in the air that surrounds us

Question 2

What is intra-alvolar pressure?

Answer 2

the pressure inside the lungs

Question 3

What is intrapleural pressure?

Answer 3

the pressure in-between the visceral and parietal pleura

Question 4

What is transpulmonary pressure?

Answer 4

the DIFFERENCE between intrepleural and intra-alveolar pressure (across the wall of the visceral pleura)

Question 5

What two forces act to pull the lungs away from the chest wall and cause lung collapse?

Answer 5

1.Lung’s elasticity and recoil 2.Surface tension of the alveolar fluid

Question 6

If the chest wall (parietal pleura) has a natural tendency to expand and the visceral pleura has a natural tendency to contract.. Which one wins?

Answer 6

NEITHER! c/o the strong adhesive force of the fluid in the inter plural space! (two pieces of glass and water analogy)

Question 7

What is the NET result of the dynamic interplay between the visceral and parietal pleura?

Answer 7

NEGATIVE P-ip (intrapleural pressure)

Question 8

What happens if P-ip(intrapleural) is equalized with Intrapulmonary pressure??

Answer 8

LUNGS COLLAPSE! (lungs always want to collapse-elasticity & alveolus surface tension)

Question 9

What is the pressure that keeps the air spaces of the lungs open(keeps lungs from collapsing)?

Answer 9

Transpulmonary (transmural pressure)

Question 10

The greater the transpulmonary pressure the ______ the lungs.

Answer 10

Larger

Question 11

What is boyle’s law?

Answer 11

P1V1=P2V2

Question 12

In boyles law, what is the relationship between pressure and volume?

Answer 12

Inversely proportional relationship

Question 13

What is the relationship of alveolar pressure to atmospheric pressure at rest before inspiration begins?

Answer 13

Alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure

Question 14

Is intrapleural pressure positive, negative or 0 at rest?

Answer 14

intrapleural pressure is negative at rest

Question 15

What is lung volume at rest? YOU GOT THIS WRONG on the last exam!

Answer 15

Lung volume is FRC

Question 16

What happens to alveolar pressure during inspiration?

Answer 16

It becomes NEGATIVE

Question 17

What happens interpleural pressure during respiration?

Answer 17

It gets even more negative

Question 18

What happens to alveolar pressure during expiration?

Answer 18

It becomes greater then atmospheric pressure

Question 19

When is the only time intraplural pressure becomes positive?

Answer 19

during a FORCED expiration

Question 20

What are the three factors that hinder air passage and pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 20

1.Airway Resistance 2.Alveolar Surface Tension 3.Lung compliance

Question 21

What is the main way to change airway resistance?

Answer 21

Contract/Relax the bronchial smooth muscle

Question 22

What do Parasympathetic stimulation, muscarinic agonists, irritants, and the slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis do to airway resistance?

Answer 22

They INCREASE airway resistance

Question 23

What do sympathetic stimulation and sympathetic agonists dilate the airways via Beta-2-receptors do to airway resistance?

Answer 23

They DECREASE airway resistance

Question 24

What is the law describing alveolar surface tension? What happens to pressure if we increase tension? What happens to pressure as we increase radius?

Answer 24

LaPlace’s Law..P goes up….P goes down with increased radius

Question 25

REVIEW: What type of cells make surfactant...NOT REVIEW what is the main component of surfactant?

Answer 25

Type II alveolar cells....DPPC

Question 26

Which component of surfactant is amphipathic?

Answer 26

Phospholipid

Question 27

What is the main function of surfactant?

Answer 27

to lower surface tension

Question 28

Which size of alveolus has a high collapsing pressure and is more difficult to keep open?

Answer 28

Small Alveoli

Question 29

What feature of the lung describes its destensibility and "anti-stiffness"?

Answer 29

Lung COMPLIANCE

Question 30

What is the formula for Compliance? So when is compliance the lowest?

Answer 30

Compliance=V/P...Compliance is lowest at expanding Pressures

Question 31

The _____ the lungs, the less the ______, the more energy it takes to breathe!

Answer 31

stiffer......compliance

Question 32

In asthma, what antibody responds to the inhalation of an allergen? What cells do these antibodies reside?

Answer 32

IgE YO! MAST cells yo!

Question 33

In asthma, what do mast cells release when an allergen binds to its IgE antibodies? (2)

Answer 33

Histamine AND LEUKO-TRI-ENES

Question 34

Which phase of asthma is when smooth muscle cells cause the bronchi to contract?

Answer 34

The early phase

Question 35

Which phase of asthma is marked by the accumulation of inflammatory cells and the production of mucus? Which inflammatory cell is most prevalent? WHEN?

Answer 35

Late phase....Eosinophils....4-5 hours after early reaction

Question 36

What part of asthma is genetic?

Answer 36

Production of IgE's

Question 37

Can asthma be triggered by non-specific factors?

Answer 37

Yep. cold air, exercise, tobacco smoke

Question 38

Patients diagnosed with ________ have shortness of breath due to difficulty EXHALING all the air from their lungs.

Answer 38

Obstructive lung disease (EXHALE DISEASE)

Question 39

What does this describe?: Due to lung damage or increased airway resistance, exhaled air comes out more slowly than normal...

Answer 39

Obstructive Lung Disease

Question 40

What does this describe?At the end of a full expiration, an abnormally high amount of air may still linger in the lungs...

Answer 40

Obstructive Lung disease

Question 41

What are the two most common causes of obstructive lung disease?

Answer 41

COPD, Asthma

Question 42

What are the two types of COPD?

Answer 42

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Question 43

Obstructive lung disease makes it harder to breathe, especially during increased ______or______. As the rate of breathing increases, there is less time to breathe all the air out before the next inhalation.

Answer 43

activity or exertion

Question 44

Patients diagnosed with __________ cannot fully FILL their lungs with air.

Answer 44

Restrictive lung disease (INHALE DISEASE)

Question 45

____________ most often results from a condition causing stiffness in the lungs themselves. In other cases, stiffness of the chest wall, weak muscles, or damaged nerves.

Answer 45

Restrictive lung disease

Question 46

What are three conditions causing restrictive lung disease?

Answer 46

1. Idiopathic Pulomonary Fibrosis (intersitial lung disease) 2.Obesity 3.Neuromusular Disease (ALS, Muscular Dystrophy

Question 47

A healthy adult should be able to expel ______of the vital capacity in ____what amount of time____? What is this measuring?

Answer 47

75-85%.....1.0 second.....Forced expiratory volume (FEV-1.0)

Question 48

If 80% FEV is normal, what condition is happening with a LOW FEV, like 42%?

Answer 48

Obstructive Respiratory Disease (Asthma)

Question 49

What is a HIGH FEV indicate(90%)?

Answer 49

Restrictive Respiratory Disease (Fibrosis)

Question 50

Can obstructive and restrictive patterns be seen in the same patient?

Answer 50

YES! WHAAAA?