5D Flashcards
Agriculture applications of CRISPR (19 cards)
What is CRISPR
short, clustered repeats
of DNA found in prokaryotes
which protects them against
viral invasion
How does CRISPR and Cas 9 work together
Cas9 can be instructed by CRISPR to target specific DNA recognition sites to
cut and join, altering the DNA.
Cas9
an endonuclease that cuts specific target DNA, specificed by guide RNA therefore creating a blunt end cut.
Why is cas 9 able to cut DNA
Cas-9 is able to cut DNA due to complementary guide RNA sequence that binds with Cas-9
How does CRISPR-cas 9 produce/involved in the production of a GMO
CRISPR-Cas 9 is instructed to target specific DNA recognition sites to cut, replace DNA, thereofr eremoving unwanted/ disadvantageous alleles within an organisms genome, resulting in genetically modified organisms that can adapt and survive to its environment more effectively.
genetic modification
the manipulation of an
organism’s genetic material
using biotechnology
genetically modified organism
(GMO)
an organism
with genetic material that has
been altered BUT does not contain DNA from another organism
How is CRISPR used in agriculture
CRISPR is used in agriculture to increase crop production and can be used to bypass photorespiration in C3 plants and remove unwanted alleles within an organisms genome.
How is CRISPR-Cas 9 used in mushrooms to produce agreater shelflife
In the United States, CRISPR-Cas 9 is used to delete an unwanted gene in white button mushrooms, As this gene contributes to faster browning of mushrooms, hence lowering shelf life. Deleting this gene, extended the shelf life of these mushrooms to 30%.
arable land
land that is suitable
for growing crops
yield
the amount of agricultural
product harvested per area of land
applications of CRISPR-cas9How is CRISPR-cas 9 used in wheat
As wheat and all wheat products contain gluten, which causes those with coeliac disease to suffer from adverse effects after consumption,
CRISPR-cas9 edits wheat DNA to produce low-gluten wheat, ultimately has allowed for a 85% reduction in immunoreactivity to gluten for those suffering from coeliac disease
How can CRISPR-Cas 9 be used to maximise crop productivity
CRISPR-Cas 9 can be used to edit genes to select desirable traits, and remove unfavourable traits to maximise crop productivity
methods to increase the photosynthesis efficiency in agriculture using CRISPR Cas-9
One method to increase the photosynthesis efficiency in agricultural plants using
CRISPR-Cas9 is to engineer crops that bypass photorespiration, somewhat mimicking
the function of C4 and CAM plants–the case for plants like rice,makingthem more effieicnet in hot condiitions
2nd method is
CRISPR-Cas 9 editing RuBisCO’s genes, therefore creating plants are able to thrive in high temperatures, by increasing RuBisCOs affinity to C02, than 02 therefore decreasing photorespiration, and increasing photosythensis
CRISPR-Cas 9 can be used to increase chloroplasts and mitochondria in leaves, enhancing photosythensis
or genes can be altered to reduce the impacts of water stress. By modifying genes to enable stomata to selectively close while allowing CO2 release, plants can prevent water loss without causing a buildup of oxygen. This ensures that Rubisco binds to c02 not 02, intiaitng photoystheniss not photorperisiaton
How can CRISPR-Cas 9 be used to allow plants to thrive in the conditions of climate change
CRISPR-Cas 9 can be used to create crops with modified RuBisCO as this would allow plants to thrive in high temperatures and C02, resulting from climate chnage
How can CRISPR-Cas 9be used to improve RuBisco
CRISPR-Cas 9 can be used to improve RuBisCO by altering RuBisCOs genes allowing rubisco to have a greater affinity towards C02, rather than 02 in high temperatures, therefore rubsico can bind to C02 increaisng photohtensis and decreaisng photrepsriaotn
CRISPR-Cas 9 steps in agriculture
- Understand the photosynthesis process in the target species and how their genes contribute to photosynthesis
- Use computers to model photosynthesis
- Use CRISPR-Cas 9 technologies to target and edit the gene with the use of sgRNA and cas 9 complex.
How can CRISPR cas 9 be used to increase the efficiency of RuBisCO
CRISPR Cas 9 can be used to reduce RuBisCOs affinity to 02 and increase its ability to bind to C02 even in hot temperatures. This would minimise the amount of photorespiration, and instead produce more glucose for cellular respiration.
The use of CRISPR-cas9 to improve crop yields and to increase the effiency of RuBisCo
