6. and 8. Quantifying and mapping ES supply, flow and demand

Question 1

What is mapping?

Answer 1

Mapping is the spatially explicit inventory of a current state.

Question 2

Why do we map? Provide 2 reasons.

Answer 2

1. Guiding optimal planning
2. Analyzing trade-offs
3. Quantifying costs and benefits
4. Monitoring temporal trends
5. Communications

Question 3

Name at least 2 of the 5 methods to obtain data.

Answer 3

1. Look-up tables
2. Expert knowledge
3. Causal relationships
4. Extrapolate primary data
5. Regression models

Question 4

What conclusions can be drawn from Nynke Schulp’s map on pollinators in the EU? Name 2.

Answer 4

• In the East and South of the NL, hedgerows and treelines are close to arable fields, resulting in higher visitation probability.
• Germany and Belgium have larger fields: this results in lower visitation probability.
• Slovenia and Austria have more small scale agricultural landscapes, which create high visitation probability.

Question 5

What is proxy-based mapping?

Answer 5

Using a proxy such as land cover/land use for ecosystem supply and demand.

Question 6

What is a solid way to do a proxy method?

Answer 6

Have an expert determine land use.

Question 7

What are the pros of proxy-based mapping? Name 3.

Answer 7

• Quick
• Easy
• Consistent
• Can be combined with socio-economic variables
• Useful for all scales

Question 8

What are the cons of proxy-based mapping? Name 2.

Answer 8

• Models are constrained by available data
• No fine resolution available
• Disregards spatial and thematic context.

Question 9

What is the Matrix?

Answer 9

The Matrix is a cheat sheet for deciding ESs per land type.

Question 10

Why is the Matrix a bad approach in proxy-based mapping? Name 2 reasons.

Answer 10

• It disregards management
• It disregards spatial context (e.g., large forest supports more ESs)
• It disregards processes
• It disregards thematical context
• “Quantification” of changes is inherently intransparent

Question 11

What are process-based models? Give an example.

Answer 11

They are models that represent processes such as water regulation or carbon storage.

Question 12

What is participatory mapping? Explain how it can be done.

Answer 12

A way of using local knowledge. Sometimes researchers take a map, interview people, let them draw on the map, or take the map out on location and let people point to ESs.

Question 13

Name a pro and a con for participatory mapping.

Answer 13

• Pro: useful for understanding demand or experiences
• Con: time consuming; subjectiveness can limit credibility

Question 14

What is the phenomenological model?

Answer 14

It uses a perceived environmental experience and emotional qualities projected onto the environment.

Question 15

Name 1 con of using the phenomenological model.

Answer 15

• Depend on validity of underlying data
• Estimation where data availability is limited
• Coarse

Question 16

Name an example of obtaining primary data

Answer 16

Social media

Question 17

Which two approaches are possible in using social media to obtain primary data?

Answer 17

1) Assumption is where density is equated with appreciation

2) Content analysis (looking at tags or a visual interpretation manually or with AI)

Question 18

Name one pro and one con of using social media to obtain primary data.

Answer 18

Pro: provides insight in appreciated areas

Con: we don’t know if assumption is correct

Question 19

How does one choose the best method for mapping?

Answer 19

By using the RACER framework.

Relevant

• Monitoring change
• Forecasting and modeling
• Scope / level of application

Accepted

• Easy to understand
• Easy to communicate

Easy

• Data requirements
• Technical feasibility

Robust

• Defensible theory
• Sensitivity
• Completeness

Question 20

Which steps are involved with making a map?

Answer 20

1. Understand
2. Simplify
3. Find data
4. Map