6. Groups and Organization

Question 1

any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity

Answer 1

group

Question 2

a collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don’t interact or share a sense of identity

Answer 2

aggregate

Question 3

people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way

Answer 3

category

Question 4

small, informal groups of people who are closest to us

Answer 4

primary groups

Question 5

larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited

Answer 5

secondary groups

Question 6

a group function that serves an emotional need

Answer 6

expressive functions

Question 7

being oriented toward a task or goal

Answer 7

instrumental function

Question 8

a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity

Answer 8

in-group

Question 9

a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with

Answer 9

out-group

Question 10

groups to which an individual compares herself

Answer 10

reference group

Question 11

a two-member group

Answer 11

dyad

Question 12

a three-member group

Answer 12

triad

Question 13

the main focus or goal of a leader

Answer 13

leadership function

Question 14

a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks

Answer 14

instrumental leader

Question 15

a leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone’s emotional wellbeing

Answer 15

expressive leaders

Question 16

the style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members

Answer 16

leadership styles

Question 17

a leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before moving into action

Answer 17

democratic leader

Question 18

a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions

Answer 18

laissez-faire leader

Question 19

a leader who issues orders an assigns tasks

Answer 19

authoritarian leader

Question 20

the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms

Answer 20

conformity

Question 21

large, impersonal organizations

Answer 21

formal organizations

Question 22

organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards

Answer 22

normative or voluntary organizations

Question 23

organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital

Answer 23

coercive organizations

Question 24

an organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs

Answer 24

total institutions

Question 25

organizations that are joined to fill a specific material need

Answer 25

utilitarian organizations

Question 26

formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality

Answer 26

bureaucracies

Question 27

a clear chain of command found in bureaucracy

Answer 27

hierarchy of authority

Question 28

the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a specialized task to perform

Answer 28

clear division of labor

Question 29

the types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized

Answer 29

explicit rules

Question 30

the removal of personal feelings from a professional situation

Answer 30

impersonality

Question 31

a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit--proven and documented skills

Answer 31

meritocracy

Question 32

the theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration

Answer 32

Iron Rule of Oligarchy

Question 33

the increasing presence of the past food business model in common social institutions

Answer 33

McDonaldization of Society