7. Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

Question 1

a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms

Answer 1

deviance

Question 2

the regulation and enforcement of norms

Answer 2

social control

Question 3

an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives

Answer 3

social order

Question 4

the means of enforcing rules

Answer 4

sanctions

Question 5

rewards given for conforming to norms

Answer 5

positive sanctions

Question 6

punishments for violating norms

Answer 6

negative sanctions

Question 7

sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions

Answer 7

informal sanctions

Question 8

sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced

Answer 8

formal sanctions

Question 9

a theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals

Answer 9

strain theory

Question 10

a theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control

Answer 10

social disorganization theory

Question 11

a theory that suggests conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime

Answer 11

cultural deviance theory

Question 12

a theory that examines social and economic factors as the causes of criminal deviance

Answer 12

conflict theory

Question 13

a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources

Answer 13

power elite

Question 14

the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society

Answer 14

labeling theory

Question 15

a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others

Answer 15

primary deviance

Question 16

deviance that occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society

Answer 16

secondary deviance

Question 17

a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual

Answer 17

master status

Question 18

a theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models f and opportunities for deviance

Answer 18

differential association theory

Question 19

a theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society

Answer 19

control theory

Question 20

a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions

Answer 20

crime

Question 21

codes that maintain formal social control through laws

Answer 21

legal codes

Question 22

crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force

Answer 22

violent crimes

Question 23

crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force

Answer 23

nonviolent crimes

Question 24

crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces

Answer 24

street crime

Question 25

crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment

Answer 25

corporate crime

Question 26

activities against the law, but that do not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them

Answer 26

victimless crime

Question 27

a collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews

Answer 27

self-report study

Question 28

an organization that exists to enforce a legal code

Answer 28

criminal justice system

Question 29

a civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, state, or community level

Answer 29

police

Question 30

a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law

Answer 30

court

Question 31

the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for, convicted or, or sentenced for criminal offenses

Answer 31

corrections system