T/F peripheral nervous sys. is both autonomic and somatic?
T.
Sympathetics exit the CNS at what levels?
T1-L3
Parasympathetics exit the CNS at what levels?
CN 3,7,9,10 and S2-S4 (sacral)
Sympa or Parasympa has which of the following? -myelinated preganglionics -peripheral ganglia -unmyelinated postganglionics -Postganglionic transmission sites are on sm. muscle, gland cells & cardiac muscle
Both have all
T/F Somatic nervous sys. has ganglia in the periphery?
F. (all in CNS)
T/F There are unmyelinated somatic nerves?
F.
The tissues of WHICH system can continue functioning independent of innervation? (autonomic or somatic)
autonomic
Describe neurotransmitter release & reception
Made -> Put in vesicles -> Ca2+ up -> Released-> diffuse ->Hit receptor ->Diffuse or degrade
ACh or NE (acetylcholine or norepinephrine) is released by most postganglionic sympathetics?
NE. [ACh for all preganglionic & postganglionic parasympa]
Which system uses dopamine?
Postganglionic sympathetic
Name ACh receptor subclasses? (parasympa)
Nicotinic: N1 N2 Muscarinic: M1 M2 M3 M4
AChE (acetylcholinesterase) does what? Where?
destroys ACh at synapses. In body, (plasma, liver, glial cells, satellite cells)
Where are the following receptors found? N1
N1-sympa, parasympa ganglia [Note N1 is equally sensitive to agonists and antagonists]
Name NE (norepinephrine) receptor subclasses? (sympa)
-Alpha1 -Alpha2 -Beta1 -Beta2
Mechanism, function, location: alpha 1 receptor?
-G protein coupled -activates phospholipase C -smooth muscle contract (ex, sweat glands)
Mechanism, function, location: alpha 2 receptor?
-G protein coupled -inactivates adenylate cyclase -postganglionic sympa terminals & presynaptic adrenergic nerve terminals
Mechanism, function, location: Beta 1 receptor?
-G protein coupled -activates adenylate cyclase -cardiac muscle, presynaptic adrenergic & cholinergic terminals
Mechanism, function, location: Beta 2 receptor?
-G protein coupled -activates adenylate cyclase -smooth & cardiac muscle
Dopamine is used where in the peripheral nervous system? Give 1 example
-SOME postganglionic sympathetics -Postjunctional renal vascular sm. muscle
Where are the following receptors found? N2
N2-neuromuscular junction
Where are the following receptors found? M1
M1-ganglia, secretory glands
Where are the following receptors found? M2
M2-smooth & cardiac muscle, sweat glands
Where are the following receptors found? M3, M4
M3, M4- smooth muscle, secretory glands
Sweat glands are special in innervation… why?
sympathetic innervation, but 1/2 are ACh (“cholinergic sympathetic” muscarinic receptors), 1/2 are NE. [Know this!]
Adrenal medulla innervation is special… why?
Modified Sympathetic GANGLIONIC innervation, but use ACh as the neurotransmitter, w/ NO POSTGANGLIONIC fibers.
Which 5 body locations have only sympathetics?
Blood vessels Sweat glands Liver Spleen Adrenal gland
T/F motor axons are myelinated?
T
All somatic nerves have what kind of neurotransmitter? What kind of receptor?
-ACh -Nicotinic
ChAT enzyme does what?
Combines AcCoa and Choline
VAT transporter does what?
package ACh in vesicles
T/G ACh neurons can stimulate themselves by releasing ACh?
T
What triggers Ca2+ influx at a nerve terminal?
depolarization
What kind of machinery causes vesicles to fuse w/ membrane & exocyose their contents?
protein-protein interactions
In summary where is ACh mostly used?
all preganglionic, all postganglionic parasympa, 1/2 of sweat gland sympathetics, all somatic nerves
In summary where is NE used?
postganglionic sympathetic
What is a co-transmitter’s function? (3)
-Hasten/slow action of primary neurotransmitter -provide feedback inhibition -main transmitter in non-ACh, non-NE nerves
Name the co-transmitters? (8)
-purines (adenosine, ATP) -peptides (cholecystokinin, somatostatin, substance P, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide) -NO (nitric oxide)
How does adrenal medulla react when stimulated?
chromaffin cells release epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE) into blood (80% Epi)