6 - organic

Question 1

hydrocarbon

Answer 1

a compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms

Question 2

saturated

Answer 2

refers to a compound containing only single bonds e.g. alkane

Question 3

unsaturated

Answer 3

refers to a compound containing one or more multiple bonds e.g. alkene

Question 4

multiple bond

Answer 4

two or more covalent bonds between two atoms

Question 5

displayed formula

Answer 5

shows every atom and every bond

Question 6

structural formula

Answer 6

shows (unambiguously) how the atoms are joined together

Question 7

skeletal formula

Answer 7

shows all the bonds between carbon atoms

Question 8

molecular formula

Answer 8

shows the actual number of each atom in the molecule

Question 9

empirical formula

Answer 9

shows the numbers of each atom in the simplest whole-number ratio

Question 10

functional group

Answer 10

an atom or group of atoms in a molecule that is responsible for its chemical reactions

Question 11

homologous series

Answer 11

a family of compounds with the same functional group, which differ in formula by CH2 from the next number

Question 12

prefix

Answer 12

a set of letters written at the beginning of a name

Question 13

suffix

Answer 13

a set of letters written at the end of a name

Question 14

locant

Answer 14

a number used to indicate which carbon atom in the chain an atom or group is attached to

Question 15

structural isomers

Answer 15

compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulae

Question 16

stereoisomers

Answer 16

compounds with the same structural formula (and the same molecular formula), but with the atoms or groups arranged differently in three dimensions

Question 17

geometric isomers

Answer 17

compounds containing C=C bond with atoms or groups attached at different positions

Question 18

restricted rotation

Answer 18

restricted rotation around a C=C bond fixes the position of the atom or groups attached to the C=C atoms

Question 19

fractional distillation

Answer 19

the process used to separate a liquid mixture into fractions by boiling and condensing

Question 20

cracking

Answer 20

the breakdown of molecules into shorter ones by heating with a catalyst

Question 21

reforming

Answer 21

the conversion of straight-chain hydrocarbons into branched-chain and cyclic hydrocarbons

Question 22

complete combustion

Answer 22

means that all of the atoms in the fuel are fully oxidised

Question 23

incomplete combustion

Answer 23

means that some of the atoms in the fuel are not fully oxidised

Question 24

biofuels

Answer 24

fuels obtained from living matter that has died recently

Question 25

non-renewable

Answer 25

energy sources that are not being replenished, except over geological timescales

Question 26

biodiesel

Answer 26

a fuel made from vegetable oils obtained from plants

Question 27

bioalcohols

Answer 27

fuels made from plant matter, often using enzymes or bacteria

Question 28

renewable

Answer 28

uses sources that can be continuously replaced

Question 29

substitution reaction

Answer 29

one in which an atom or group is replaced by another atom or group

Question 30

mechanism

Answer 30

the sequence of steps in an overall reaction. each step shows what happens to the electrons involved in bond breaking or bond formation

Question 31

homolytic fission

Answer 31

the breaking of a covalent bond where each of the bonding electrons leaves with one species, forming a radical

Question 32

radical

Answer 32

a species that contains an unpaired electron

Question 33

initiation step

Answer 33

involves the formation of radicals, usually as a result of bond breaking caused by ultraviolet radiation

Question 34

propagation steps

Answer 34

the two steps that, when repeated many times, convert the starting materials into the products of a reaction

Question 35

termination step

Answer 35

involves the formation of a molecule from two radicals

Question 36

sigma bonds

Answer 36

covalent bonds formed when electron orbitals overlap axially (end-on)

Question 37

pi bonds

Answer 37

covalent bonds formed when electron orbitals overlap sideways

Question 38

addition reaction

Answer 38

a reaction in which two molecules combine to form one molecule

Question 39

hydrogenation

Answer 39

involves the addition of hydrogen

Question 40

halogenation

Answer 40

involves the addition of a halogen

Question 41

hydration

Answer 41

involves the addition of water (or steam)

Question 42

diol

Answer 42

a compound containing two OH (alcohol) groups

Question 43

curly arrows

Answer 43

represent the movement of electron pairs

Question 44

electrophile

Answer 44

a species that is attracted to a region of high electron density

Question 45

electrophilic addition

Answer 45

a reaction in which two molecules form one molecule and the attacking molecule is an electrophile

Question 46

heterolytic fission

Answer 46

the breaking of a covalent bond so that both bond electrons are taken by one atom

Question 47

carbocation

Answer 47

a positive ion in which the charge is shown on a carbon atom

Question 48

electron-releasing group

Answer 48

pushes electrons towards the atom it is joined to

Question 49

monomers

Answer 49

small molecules that combine together to form a polymer

Question 50

repeat unit

Answer 50

the set of atoms that are joined together in large numbers to produce the polymer structure

Question 51

recycling

Answer 51

involves converting polymer waste into other materials

Question 52

incinerator

Answer 52

converts polymer waste into energy

Question 53

biodegradable polymer

Answer 53

one that can be broken down by microbe

Question 53

use as a feedstock (?)

Answer 53

involves converting polymer waste into chemicals that can be used to make new polymers