6 - Renal II

Question 1

True/False: Sodium and water undergo tubular secretion.

Answer 1

False; DO NOT therefore Amount excreted = Amount filtered - Amount reabsorbed

Question 2

Part of nephron, where most sodium and water reabsorption occurs.

Answer 2

Proximal tubule

Question 3

Part of nephron, main hormonal control of sodium and water reabsorption.

Answer 3

Distal tubule and collecting duct

Question 4

[Sodium/Water] reabsorption: Active transport/Requires renal energy/Carrier-mediated/Occurs against a concentration gradient

Answer 4

Sodium

Question 5

[Sodium/Water] reabsorption: Diffusion/Depends on (i.e. is coupled to) reabsorption of sodium.

Answer 5

Water

Question 6

Methods by which sodium move from the lumen of the tubule and into the cells forming the tubule walls.

Answer 6

Cotransport with glucose or AA, countertransport with hydrogen ions, or via diffusion through sodium channels (ADD PICTURE FROM PP)

Question 7

As sodium is removed from the lumen of the tubule, water concentration […] in the tubular fluid thus […] osmolarity in the tubular fluid.

Answer 7

Increases; Decreasing (i.e. the opposite is the case in the nearby interstitial fluid)

Question 8

Establishes a concentration gradient for water.

Answer 8

Active transport of sodium

Question 9

As water and sodium moves into the interstitial fluid it moves via […] into the peritubular capillaries as the final step of reabsorption.

Answer 9

Bulk flow

Question 10

Part of nephron where water permeability IS regulated.

Answer 10

Collecting duct/Late distal tubule

Question 11

Posterior pituitary hormone, stimulates the insertion of AQUAPORINS into the tubular cell luminal membranes.

Answer 11

Antidiuretic hormone/Vasopressin

Question 12

Increase in ADH = […] in urine.

Answer 12

Decrease (i.e. urine will become more concentrated)

Question 13

Occurs when pituitary fails to release ADH or kidneys do not respond to ADH; patient can produce 25 L urine/day.

Answer 13

Diabetes inspidus

Question 14

Increase in urine production but no increase in solute excretion.

Answer 14

Water diuresis

Question 15

Increase urine flow due to increase in solute excretion.

Answer 15

Osmotic diuresis

Question 16

Having an osmolarity equal to that of normal ECF

Answer 16

Isoosmotic (i.e. 300 milliosmoles per liter)

Question 17

Having an osmolarity GREATER than normal ECF.

Answer 17

Hyperosmotic (i.e. more concentrated)

Question 18

Having an osmolarity less than normal ECF.

Answer 18

Hypoosmotic (i.e. less concentrated)

Question 19

Normal daily excretion of urea, sulfate, phosphate, and other wastes and ions.

Answer 19

600 mOsmol

Question 20

Volume or urine that MUST be excreted per day.

Answer 20

Obligatory water loss (i.e. 0.46 L/day)

Question 21

Receptors for the reflexes that control body sodium.

Answer 21

Baroreceptors (i.e. of the cardiovascular system) and sensors in the kidney (i.e. monitor filtered load of sodium)

Question 22

Major determinant of ECF volume.

Answer 22

Sodium

Question 23

Low total body sodium = […] arterial and venous blood pressure.

Answer 23

Low

Question 24

Enzyme, catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

Answer 24

Renin (i.e. secreted from the kidney, functions in blood)

Question 25

Cells of the kidney, secrete renin.

Answer 25

Juxtaglomerular cells (INSERT PICTURE)

Question 26

Peptide hormone, produced by the liver, converted via renin.

Answer 26

Angiotensinogen

Question 27

Enzyme, found in epithelial cells of blood capillaries especially in the lungs, converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Answer 27

ACE/Converting enzyme (i.e. does so as blood flows through the lungs)

Question 28

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete hormone aldosterone into the blood.

Answer 28

Angiotensin II (i..e also causes vasocontriction)

Question 29

Hormone, acts on late distal tubule and CD of the kidney to increase sodium reabsorption.

Answer 29

Aldosterone

Question 30

Inputs to juxtaglomerular cells that increase renin secretion.

Answer 30

Sympathetic nerves to JG cells, baroreceptors within the kidney, paracrine factors released from the macula densa

Question 31

[...] causes vasoconstriction in many body regions, helps regulate peripheral resistance (i.e. contributes to controlling arterial blood pressure)

Answer 31

Angiotensin II

Question 32

Cardiac hormone, decrease sodium reabsorption by directly inhibiting aldosterone secretion.

Answer 32

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 33

Sensory receptor, found in hypothalamus, detects ECT osmolarity, involved in initiating reflexes that alter water excretion without altering sodium excretion.

Answer 33

Osmoreceptors

Question 34

Hormone, posterior pituitary hormone, mediates water excretion without altering sodium excretion.

Answer 34

ADH/Vasopressin

Question 35

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors are neurons that [...] their frequency of action potentials when they shrink.

Answer 35

Increase (i.e. Do this when ECF osmolarity is above normal) (INSERT PICTURE)

Question 36

Arterial baroreceptors can influence ADH secretion rates which is important during scenarios such as [...].

Answer 36

Hemorrhage

Question 37

ADH also cause widespread constriction of arterioles, which influences [...] in the cardiovascular system.

Answer 37

Total peripheral resistance

Question 38

The response to severe sweating is [hyperosmotic/hyoosmotic] relative to ECF.

Answer 38

Hypoosomtic (i.e. sweat causes sodium loss but an even greater water loss)

Question 39

Filtered potassium [is/is not] reabsorbed.

Answer 39

Is not

Question 40

Aldosterone acts on CD cells to [increase/decrease] their rate of potassium secretion.

Answer 40

Increase

Question 41

Higher than normal potassium in the ECF.

Answer 41

Hyperkalemia

Question 42

Lower than normal potassium in the ECF.

Answer 42

Hypokalemia

Question 43

[Hypercalcemia/Hypocalcemia] depresses nervous system and muscle activity.

Answer 43

Hypercalcemia

Question 44

[Hypercalcemia/Hypocalcemia] causes nervous system excitement and tetany.

Answer 44

Hypocalcemia

Question 45

[...] are reservoirs of calcium, releasing it when ECF concentration is low.

Answer 45

Calcium

Question 46

Vitamin [...] promotes the absorption of calcium across the intestinal wall (i.e. about 35)

Answer 46

B (i.e. the rest is excreted in the feces)

Question 47

Homogeneous gelatinous substance that makes up the organic matrix of bone (i.e. along with collagen fiber)

Answer 47

Ground substance

Question 48

Main crystalline salt (i.e. calcium and phosphate) deposited in organic matrix of bone.

Answer 48

Hydroxyapatite

Question 49

Bone-resorbing cells, removes calcium from bone matrix and adds to ECF.

Answer 49

Osteoclast

Question 50

Hormone, stimulates osteoclast

Answer 50

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 51

In the absence of vitamin [...] the effect of PTH in causing bone resorption is reduced.

Answer 51

D

Question 52

Bone depositing cell, can incorporate calcium back into the bone matrix

Answer 52

Osteoblasts

Question 53

PTH [increase/decreases] calcium ion reabsorption in the DT/CD.

Answer 53

Increases

Question 54

Considered to be a hormone, carried via the blood to the intestine where it increase the absorption of dietary calcium and phosphate.

Answer 54

1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D

Question 55

Thyroid hormone, acts mainly on bone to decrease ECF calcium concentration.

Answer 55

Calcitonin