6- response to infection Flashcards

Question

macrophage primary function

Answer 1

Engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis).

Answer 2

• Large white blood cells found in tissues throughout the body. • Long-lived and less mobile than neutrophils. • Play a key role in tissue repair and regeneration.

Answer 3

• Engulf and degrade cellular debris and pathogens. • Present antigens to T cells to start adaptive immune response.

Answer 4

relays info

Answer 5

Act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune systems.

Answer 6

• Possess long, branched projections called dendrites. • Present in tissues that are exposed to the external environment, like skin.

Answer 7

• Engulf pathogens and present their antigens to T cells, for adaptive immunity. • Promote T cell responses to antigens and stimulate the immune response.

Answer 8

specific targeted response

Answer 9

Integral part of the adaptive immune system.

Answer 10

• Smallest white blood cells, large nucleus. • Main cells of the adaptive immune system. • Include B cells, T cells, and Natural Killer (NK) cells. • Long-lived and highly specific.

Answer 11

Recognise antigens and produce antibodies to neutralise the pathogens.

Answer 12

• Helper T cells → Recognise antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells, stimulate B cells and cytotoxic T cells. • Cytotoxic T cells → Recognise and kill infected cells.

Answer 13

Long-lived T and B cells that remember the same pathogen for a faster response in future infections.

Answer 14

Kill infected and cancerous cells without prior sensitisation to antigens.

Answer 15

• Part of the adaptive immune system that involves the production of antibodies by B cells. • Overall, this process ensures a targeted and effective response to specific pathogens, and provides long-lasting immunity due to the production of memory cells.

Answer 16

• APCs capture pathogens, and present the antigens on their surfaces using MHC II OR... B cells recognise antigens, and present the antigens on their surfaces using MHC II. • T helper cells' CD4 receptors recognise the antigen-MHC complex. • T helper cells release cytokines that stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B cells. • B cells proliferate by clonal expansion and differentiate into plasma and memory B cells. • Plasma cells secrete large quantities of antibodies. • Memory B cells provide long lasting immunity.

Answer 17

Microbes clump together, making phagocytosis easier.

Answer 18

Antibodies coat microbes, marking them for phagocytes.

Answer 19

Bursting of bacterial cells.

Answer 20

Soluble toxins are made insoluble.

Answer 21

Part of the adaptive immune system, primarily involving T cells. It targets and eliminate cells that are infected with pathogens or are otherwise abnormal.

Answer 22

• APCs capture pathogens, and present the antigens on their surfaces using MHC OR... Infected host cells present the antigens on their surfaces using MHC. • T cells' CD4 or CD8 receptors recognise the antigen-MHC complex. • T cells differentiate into cytotoxic, helper, and memory T cells. • Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells by releasing cytotoxic granules that induce apoptosis in target cells. • Helper T cells support other immune cells through cytokine release. • Memory T cells provide long lasting immunity.

Answer 23

• Provide quicker and stronger immune response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen. • Formation during initial exposure: During the first encounter with a pathogen, specific T and B cells proliferate and differentiate into effector and memory cells. • Rapid response upon re-exposure: Memory cells respond faster and more effectively upon re-exposure to the same pathogen, leading to quicker elimination.

Answer 24

• Vital for humoral immunity. • Recognition of antigens: B memory cells recognise antigens directly without the need for presentation by other cells. • Activation and proliferation: Upon antigen recognition, they rapidly proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells. • Role of plasma cells: They produce a large amount of specific antibodies that can neutralise pathogens or target them for destruction by other immune cells.

Answer 25

• Have a crucial role in cell-mediated immunity. • Recognition of antigens: T memory cells recognise antigens presented by MHC molecules on the surface of infected cells. • Activation and proliferation: Upon antigen recognition, they rapidly proliferate and differentiate into effector T cells. • Role of effector T cells: They can directly destroy infected cells (cytotoxic T cells) or help B cells and other immune cells (helper T cells).

Answer 26

Acquired through normal life experiences.

Answer 27

Acquired through medical interventions like vaccines or treatments.

Answer 28

Involves the recipient's own immune system and results in the production of memory cells. It takes time to develop but provides long-lasting protection.

Answer 29

Involves the transfer of antibodies from an immune individual to a non-immune individual. It provides immediate protection but is temporary as it does not involve the recipient's immune response or the production of memory cells.

Answer 30

Results from infection and recovery. The immune system responds to a pathogen, generating memory cells for future protection.

Answer 31

Transferred naturally from mother to foetus or infant. For example, antibodies are transferred through the placenta, providing temporary protection to the infant.

Answer 32

Achieved through vaccination. Vaccines contain weakened or inactivated pathogens or their components, stimulating an immune response without causing the disease, leading to the formation of memory cells.

Answer 33

Provided by administering antibodies, such as in antivenom or immunoglobulin therapy. This gives immediate, but temporary, protection as the recipient's immune system is not actively involved and no memory cells are generated.

Answer 34

• Vaccines use weakened, inactivated, or parts of pathogens to trigger an immune response without causing the disease itself. • Immune response from vaccination results in production of memory cells for faster and more effective response to future encounters with the same pathogen.

Answer 35

• Vaccination can prevent diseases, lessen disease symptoms if infection occurs, and reduce disease transmission rates. • Large-scale vaccination programmes have contributed to eradicating or significantly reducing diseases, such as smallpox and polio.

Answer 36

Herd immunity is a form of indirect protection from infectious diseases that occurs when a large percentage of a population is immune, slowing or stopping disease spread.

Answer 37

Herd immunity protects those who cannot receive vaccines due to certain health conditions, allergies to vaccine ingredients, or age restrictions.

Answer 38

- lower herd immunity - vulnerability of at risk individuals - re-emergence of diseases - strain on healthcare systems - evolution of new strains

Answer 39

If vaccination rates fall below the threshold required for herd immunity, the disease can spread more easily, causing outbreaks.

Answer 40

Those who cannot be vaccinated due to specific health conditions become more vulnerable to infections when herd immunity is compromised.

Answer 41

Diseases that were once under control or eradicated can resurface in communities with low vaccination rates.

Answer 42

Increased disease outbreaks can overburden healthcare systems, leading to increased healthcare costs and lower quality of care for all patients.

Answer 43

High transmission rates can provide more opportunities for the pathogen to mutate and evolve into new, possibly more virulent or vaccine-resistant strains.