has the greatest impact on performance enhancement, need injury prevention
skeletal muscle
connect bone to bone
ligaments
connect muscle to bone
tendons
perform locomotion
muscles
early gross anatomist muscle classification
skeletal, visceral, cardiac
histology muscle classification
skeletal=striated, visceral=smooth, cardiac=branch-striated muscles
nerve control muscle classification
skeletal=voluntary, visceral=involuntary, cardiac=involuntary
looks segmented with light and dark segments
striated muscle
has no striations and is smooth
smooth muscle
criss-crossed in a network pattern with striations that are irregular
branch-striated muscle
important in activating the muscle
nerve control
what muscles could be involuntary and voluntary
respiratory
skeletal muscle fibers that run longitudinally
fusiform
skeletal muscle fibers that have 4 distinct sides of the muscle belly
quadrate
skeletal muscle fiber that are shaped as a triangle
triangular
skeletal muscle that has a central tendon with fibers coming off at an angle
pennate (1 side=unipennate, both sides=bipennate)
What allows pennate to be more powerful than parallel arranged fibers?
the way its organized allows for many more fibers
muscle fibers that amplify force
pennate
muscle fibers that amplifies speed of contraction and range of motion
fusiform
7 ways muscles are named (SALADSN)
shape, action, location, attachments, direction of fibers, size, and number of divisions within the muscle
muscle behavioral properties (CEEET)
contractility, extensibility, elasticity, excitability, tonicity
tondons’ properties
extensibility and elasticity
ability to shorten or contract
contractibility
ability to stretch
extensibility
ability to return to resting length
elasticity
firmness or hardness
tonicity
responds to stimuli
excitability
types of muscle contractions: anatomy classification
isotonic and isometric
types of muscle contractions: kinesiological classification
concentric, static, and eccentric
muscle shortens and causes movement
isotonic (concentric)
prevented from shortening
isometric (static)
muscle shortens
concentric (isotonic)
no change in joint angle
static (isometric)
muscle lengthens
eccentric
proximal, less mobile portion of muscle
origin
distal, more mobile portion of muscle
insertion
muscle can only _____; they can not _____!
pull, not push
outer connective tissue covering of skeletal muscle
epimysium
surrounds bundles of skeletal muscle fibers
perimysium
encases skeletal muscle fibers individually
endomysium
functional unit of skeletal muscle
sarcomere
made up of actin and myosin
sarcomere
tin protein in the sarcomere
actin
tick protein in the sarcomere
myosin
1 sarcomere goes from __________
z line to z line
area where both proteins (actin and myosin) overlap each other
A band
areas where only the actin protein is
I bands
middle of the A band visible only when the muscle is relaxed
H zone
why does the H zone disappear when the muscle contracts?
because the actin and myosin slide on top of each other
has crossbridges to attach to the actin during muscle action to help with contraction process
myosin
what powers the contraction process
ATP
deals with the contraction process
Sliding Filament Theory
more than one sarcomere
myofibril
During contraction the _____ will become shorter as the ____ come closer together — just the ____ shortens, not the proteins.
sarcomere, z lines, sarcomere
slow twitch fibers which are used more for endurance since they have a high resistance to fatigue
slow oxidative (SO)
What type of skeletal muscle fibers would a marathon runner use the most
slow oxidative
fast twitch fibers “a” that are used for short, high intensity events
fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG)
What type of skeletal muscle fibers would you use the most in a 400 meter event?
fast oxidative glycolytic
fast twitch fibers “b” that are used for all-out effort, highly explosive events
fast glycolytic (FG)
What type of skeletal muscle fibers would you use the most in a 50 yd dash, or a hammerthrow?
fast glycolytic
increase in the muscle cell size
hypertrophy
You can’t increase the ____ of the muscle cells you have because it is genetic
amount
how many capillaries supply each skeletal muscle fiber in a sedentary person? in a trained athlete?
3-4, 5-7
muscles require _____ more blood while exercising than while resting
100x
helps with pumping action to increase blood flow to the heart
contracting and relaxing of skeletal muscles
connects and innervates many muscle fibers
motor nerve
one motor nerve + muscle fibers it innervates
motor unit
all or none principal
all fibers in a motor unit contract or they don’t
prime movers responsible for movement
agonists
muscles that oppose the prime movers
antagonists
muscles that assist the prime movers
synergists
muscles that stabilize the body
stabilizers
muscles on the anterior side of the vertebral column do what action?
head/neck flexion
muscles on the posterior side of the vertebral column do what action?
extension
sternocleidomastoid OIA
O: manubrium of sternum and clavicle;
I: mastoid process of temporal bone;
A: flexion (both contract), lateral flexion to same side, rotation to opposite side
scalenes group AR
synergist muscle for respiration, A: flexion, lateral flexion, rotation, elevates first rib; Region: first rib
longus capitus AR
A: head flexion; R: occipital
Rectus Capitus Anterior
A: head flexion; R: occipital
anterior muscles of the neck (4)
sternocleidomastoids, scalenes group, longus capitus, and rectus capitus anterior
posterior muscles of the neck (4)
rectus capitus posterior, splenius sapitus, and splenius cervicis
rectus capitus posterior AR
A: extension (hyper) and rotation; R: occipital
splenius capitus AR
A: extension (hyper) (both), lateral flexion, rotation (one); R: mastoid process
splenius cervicis AR
A: extension (hyper) (both), lateral flexion, rotation (one); R: cervical region
which posterior neck muscles have all the same actions?
splenius capitus and splenius cervicis